Midterm

Question 1

What is a claim?

Answer 1

One or more statements that state something is

the case. The foundation (thesis) of an argument.

Question 2

What do claims always require the audience to do?

Answer 2

Respond by accepting or rejecting the statement.

Question 3

What are two things that claims have?

Answer 3

Point(s) and purpose.

Question 4

What are some examples of claims?

Answer 4

From the slides: Drinking 5 hour energy boosts your metabolism and increases focus and energy.

1 - You should send a birthday card to Mimi, because she sent you one on your birthday.

2 - The Ravens will win the Super Bowl this year.

3 - Pepsi is better than Coke

4 - Governing a two party system is much more simpler than governing a multi party system

Question 5

What is the question that a claim answers?

Answer 5

It answers the question, “ what is your point? “

Question 6

What are the 4 qualities of a factual claim?

Answer 6

1 - Affirms that something exists in the material world and can be observed.

2 - Can be phrased in the present, past, or future tense.

3 - Does not have to be factually true

4 - Regardless of the truth, factual claims are always presented as true

Question 7

Some examples of factual claims according to the slides

Answer 7

Obama was the 44th president.

The Cleveland Browns won the 2016 Super Bowl.

Dolphins can communicate.

Kobe and Shaq will return to the Lakers for the 2018 season.

Question 8

What are 3 qualities of a factual claim?

Answer 8

1 - Asserts the quality of a person, place, thing, or idea.

2 - Passes personal judgment or opinion on the noun.

3 -Subjective

Question 9

Some examples of value claims according to the slides

Answer 9

Burgers are better than hot dogs. 
•
Diet Coke is the best drink in the universe. 
•
Obama was the best president. 
•
Obama was the worst president. 
•
Time is more important than money.

Question 10

What is a policy claim?

Answer 10

A claim that tells someone or some agency how to behave or what SHOULD be done.

Question 11

What does a policy claim demand and how is it distinguished?

Answer 11

Demands action from a subject and a change to the status quo.

Distinguished by words like “should” or “would```”

Question 12

Some examples of policy claims according to the slides

Answer 12

Community college SHOULD be free for students.

The US SHOULD cut taxes.

The Chargers SHOULD stay in San Diego.

Question 13

Can a single statement contain multiple claims?

Answer 13

Yes, for example:

Example
: California colleges are facing growing financial hardship and need to be saved
through policy reform.

Contains multiple claims; Policy and Factual

Question 14

What is the grounds?

Answer 14

Grounds refers to the direct proof or evidence an
arguer offers to prove the claim true.

example: Eating an apple a day is good for you. According
to the FDA apples are a key source of healthy vitamins
and carbohydrates.
•
example: Increasing the minimum wage will not solve
inequality. According to the Federal Reserve the price of
goods and services rise when the minimum age is
increased.

Question 15

What questions do grounds answer?

Answer 15

What is your proof?“

“How do you know?“

“Why?”

Question 16

What is a warrant?

Answer 16

The second line of evidence that helps prove the grounds valid.

Question 17

What is a fallacy?

Answer 17

Fallacies are logical defects that weaken arguments.

Question 18

What is the post-hoc fallacy?

Answer 18

Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.

Question 19

What are some examples of post-hoc fallacy?

Answer 19

Slides:
“President Obama raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Obama is responsible for the rise in crime.”

MINE:

I picked my nose and then I sneezed. I am responsible for sneezing.

I left the fridge open and then ants got all over my favorite dish. I am responsible for ants getting all over my favorite dish.

I jumped off a building and then everyone else thought it would be a cool idea to jump off the building too. I am responsible for everybody else jumping off the building.

Question 20

What is the hasty generalization fallacy?

Answer 20

Making assumptions about a topic based on a sample that is inadequate.

Question 21

What is the slippery slope fallacy?

Answer 21

The arguer claims that a chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there’s really not enough evidence for that assumption.

Question 22

What is an example of a slippery slope fallacy?

Answer 22

Animal experimentation reduces our respect for all life. If we don’t respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. It will be the end of civilization.

MINE:
People who don’t brush their hair will have tangled hair. If you have tangled hair it will be difficult to brush it back to normal. It will be so difficult that when you brush your hair all of your hair will fall off and you will go bald.

Question 23

What is an example of a hasty generalization fallacy?

Answer 23

in the slides :

My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I’m in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard!”

MINE:

My friend said asian drivers are bad drivers. I was driving on the street and I almost got into a car accident with an asian. All asian drivers are bad!

Question 24

What are the four steps to refutation?

Answer 24

Step 1: State the point being refuted.

Step 2: State your counter claim

Step 3: Support your claim with evidence and support.

Step 4: Explain to the audience how your refutation defeats your opponent’s argument.

Question 25

What is a refutation?

Answer 25

the process through which one person or faction involved in a decision criticizes arguments advanced by another person or faction.

Question 26

What is an example of the 4 point refutation?

Answer 26

Example: Death Penalty * My opponents state the death penalty deters crime. * My argument is that the death penalty contributes to more crime .•This is due to the high costs related to death row, court costs, and the execution. * The prison system underfunds rehabilitation programs and job training. * This causes an increase in crime because 70% of current un- rehabilitated imamates commit another offense once they’re released. * Therefore, if we spend the money on rehabilitation and job training for imamates; crime would actually go down.

Question 27

What function does a warrant provide?

Answer 27

The linking function!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! NIGAAAAA~ between grounds and claims :)

Question 28

What is an example of the linking function that the warrant provides?

Answer 28

example: Claim: The dog is running a temperature. Ground: The dog has an infection. Warrant: fevers are a reliable sign of an infection

Question 29

What is an example of linking function that warrant provides for my debate?

Answer 29

Claim: Political information in a two party system is much easier to understand Ground: In a multi-party system you must study the policies of different parties before making a decision WARRANT: It is far easier to choose between two candidates than studying the policies of different parties before making a choice

Question 30

What are the key terms in the 4 point refutation?

Answer 30

THEY SAID HOWEVER BECAUSE THEREFORE

Question 31

What type of claim is : California is facing a unique budget crisis.

Answer 31

Fact claim!

Question 32

What type of claim is : The California budget crisis is more of a threat to community colleges than to universities.

Answer 32

Value claim!

Question 33

What type of claim is : California’s budget should be reformed.

Answer 33

Policy since there is a should... CLAIM

Question 34

What are clue words for identifying grounds?

Answer 34

since, because, given that

Question 35

What is red herring fallacy?

Answer 35

Partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what's really at stake.

Question 36

What is example of red herring fallacy?

Answer 36

"Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. After all, classes go more smoothly when the students and the professor are getting along well.“

Question 37

What is a false dichotomy?

Answer 37

In false dichotomy, the arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices.

Question 38

What is an example of a false dichotomy?

Answer 38

El Camino Music Building is in bad shape. Either we tear it down and put up a new building, or we continue to risk students' safety. Obviously we shouldn't risk anyone's safety, so we must tear the building down." Dora the explorer is really dumb. Either we take down the series so no more children should watch it or we continue to dumb down the iq of the children all around the world, so must take down the show!

Question 39

What is appeal to authority?

Answer 39

add strength to our arguments by referring to respected sources or authorities and explaining their positions on the issues we're discussing.

Question 40

What is an example of appeal to authority?

Answer 40

We should vote for Trump, afterall, Kim Kardashian just visited trump and she believes trump is the most ideal candidate, therefore since Kim Kardashian is so popular and famous, we must vote trump! Basically, set up the argument with claim and add a person of authority to empower the argument. Do it because blah blah blah supports this. THE EXAMPLE IN THE SLIDE: "We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people, such as actor Guy Handsome, have publicly stated their opposition to it."

Question 41

What is appeal to pity fallacy?

Answer 41

The appeal to pity takes place when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone.

Question 42

What is an example of the appeal to pity fallacy?

Answer 42

"It's wrong to tax corporations--think of all the money they give to charity, and of the costs they already pay to run their businesses!" I know the exam is graded based on performance, but you should give me an A. My cat has been sick, my car broke down, and I've had a cold, so it was really hard for me to study!" MY EXAMPLE: You should give me a raise. I broke my iphone and I dont have any more money to pay for my gas, so give me more money since I am a hard worker.

Question 43

What is appeal to ignorance?

Answer 43

The arguer states that people should not believe an argument due to the fact that no conclusive evidence on the issue exists.

Question 44

What is an example of appeal to ignorance?

Answer 44

"People have been trying for centuries to prove that God exists. But no one has yet been able to prove it. Therefore, God does not exist. Scientists have been trying to prove that psychic powers exist, however different scientists come up with different claims. Therefore, psychic powers must not exist.

Question 45

What is weak analogy fallacy?

Answer 45

Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations.

Question 46

What is an example of the weak analogy fallacy?

Answer 46

"Guns are like hammers--they're both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone. And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase of hammers--so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous."