Midterm

Question 1

computational level

Answer 1

specifies problem (What is the goal of the computation, why is it appropriate?)

Question 2

algorithmic level

Answer 2

specifies way the problem is solved (“How can this computational theory be implemented? What is the representation for the input and output?)

Question 3

implementational level

Answer 3

specifies the medium or physical substrate in which the problem-solving procedure is executed

Question 4

Substance dualism

Answer 4

Descartes: two substances: physical (ordinary matter) and mental (nonphysical)

Popular: “ghost in the machine” minds inside body

Question 5

Property dualism

Answer 5

No substance beyond brain, brain has special set of properties possessed by no other physical object

Question 6

logical/philosophical behaviorism

Answer 6

attributing a mental state to an organism is the same as saying that the organism is disposed to behave a particular way - if/then statement

Question 7

Golgi

Answer 7

discovered silver staining method that revealing cell body and projections of neuron

Question 8

Ramon y cajal

Answer 8

used the golgi technique to show that neurons do not touch

Question 9

Galvani

Answer 9

showed the neuronal signaling was electric

Question 10

prosencephalon

Answer 10

forebrain

Question 11

mesencephalon

Answer 11

midbrain

Question 12

rhombencephalon

Answer 12

hindbrain

Question 13

three major groups of neurons

Answer 13

sensory, motor, interneuronal

Question 14

Cellular connectionism

Answer 14

Neurons are arranged into functional groups and connect to each other in a precise fashion - signal one another through all-or-none impulses

Question 15

spike train

Answer 15

series of action potentials from a neuron taken as a time series, sometimes referred to as temporal coding

Question 16

Spinal cord

Answer 16

portion through which sensory neurons relay info on the way to the brain and through which motor commons from brain are sent to muscles

Question 17

Medulla

Answer 17

Controls many vital functions are reflexes, home to reticular activating system

Question 18

cerebellum

Answer 18

brain region important for regulation of muscle tone and guidance of motor activity

Question 19

pons

Answer 19

acts as main connective bridge from rest of brain to cerebellum, site of superior olive - points through which auditory is relayed from ear to brain

Question 20

midbrain

Answer 20

contains inferior colliculus (sound localization) and superior (orients stimuli in visual)

Question 21

hypothalamus

Answer 21

Homeostasis

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

large relay center for almost all sensory info coming in to cortex and almost all motor info leaving - contains LGN, where signals are organized on their way to brain so color and light intensity info are segregated

fight-or-flight

Question 23

basal ganglia

Answer 23

motor control

Question 24

limbic system

Answer 24

emotion regulation
structures: amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex (selection of actions), anterior thalamus, mammilary body and hippocampus (memory)

Question 25

cerebral cortex

Answer 25

object recognition, spatial cognition, attention

Question 26

central cerebral cortex

Answer 26

front: motor processing behind: sensory

Question 27

sylvian cerebral cortex

Answer 27

area below is temporal lobe, involved in memory, emotion, auditory processing

Question 28

longitudinal cerebral cortex

Answer 28

separates right hemisphere from left

Question 29

frontal lobe

Answer 29

future action and control of movement

Question 30

parietal lobe

Answer 30

tactile sensation and body image

Question 31

temporal lobe

Answer 31

hearing, learning, memory, emotion

Question 32

occipital lobe

Answer 32

vision

Question 33

sclera

Answer 33

white of the eye, outer layer, makes up 5/6 of connective tissue of globe

Question 34

choroid

Answer 34

middle, vascular coat of eye, between sclera and retina

Question 35

ciliary body

Answer 35

opens and closes iris, controls amount of light entering eye

Question 36

aqueous humor

Answer 36

fluid derived from blood, fills space behind cornea and removes waste from cornea and lens

Question 37

geniculostriate pathway

Answer 37

projects through the LGN in thalamus and to V1 in occipital lobe - color vision

Question 38

Tectopulvinar pathway

Answer 38

relays from eyes to superior colliculus to thalamus reaching visual areas in temporal and parietal; detection of light and spatial orientation

Question 39

dorsal stream

Answer 39

occipito-parietal (action) "where" or "how to"

Question 40

ventral stream

Answer 40

occipito-temporal (identification) "what" stream