Midterm

Question 1

What does phonetics examine?

Answer 1

The inventory and structure of the sounds of speech

Question 2

What are Phones?

Answer 2

The wide variety of sounds

Question 3

How many phone are there?

Answer 3

A great many, but not an infinite many

Question 4

True or False : human can also make sounds with their vocal tract that do not occur in speech.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False: most humans can learn to produce any human speech sound

Answer 5

False. They all can.

Question 6

What are 2 ways of approaching phonetics?

Answer 6

Articulatory phonetics and acoustic phonetics

Question 7

What’s the difference between the 2 ways of approaching phonetics?

Answer 7

Articulatory: studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production, while

Acoustic: measures and analyzes the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak

Question 8

What does IPA stand for?

Answer 8

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 9

How are phonetics transcriptions transcribed?

Answer 9

[…]

Question 10

Sound is produced when ____ is set in motion

Answer 10

Air

Question 11

Air supply is provide by which of our organs?

Answer 11

Lungs

Question 12

Where is the sound source?

Answer 12

In the larynx, where the vocal folds are

Question 13

Which passages make up the vocal tract?

Answer 13

The pharynx, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

Question 14

Which primary muscles are needed to maintain the level of air pressure?

Answer 14

Intercostal: muscles between ribs
Diaphragm: large sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from abdomen

Question 15

What’s the main portion of the larynx?

Answer 15

Thyroid cartilage

Question 16

What’s the space between the vocal folds?

Answer 16

The glottis

Question 17

How many glottal states are there?

Answer 17

Number is still undecided, but more than a dozen

Common 4: voiceless, voiced, whisper, murmur

Question 18

How are the vocal folds when producing voiceless sound?

Answer 18

Vocal folds are pulled apart and air passes through without much interference

Question 19

When are vocal folds most spread apart? During silent breathing or during voiceless speech?

Answer 19

Silent breathing

Question 20

How are vocal folds when voiced?

Answer 20

They were brought together, but not tightly closed, air passing causes vibration

Question 21

How are vocal folds during murmur (breathy voice)?

Answer 21

Sounds are voiced but vocal folds are relaxed to allow enough air to escape

Question 22

Which natural class is more sonorous (acoustically powerful) and what does this mean?

Answer 22

Vowels which means we perceive them as louder and longer lasting

Question 23

What are glides?

Answer 23

They have properties of both con and vowels, they’re thought of as rapidly articulated vowels and you can feel very little movement

Question 24

Which is the primary articulating organ?

Answer 24

Tongue

Question 25

What are the 5 areas of the tongue?

Answer 25

Tip, blade, body, back, root

Question 26

How are labial sounds made?

Answer 26

Closure or near of lips

Question 27

How are dental and interdental sounds made?

Answer 27

Dental: tongue against or near teeth Interdental: tongue between teeth

Question 28

How is alveolar made?

Answer 28

Tongue may touch or near the alveolar ridge (behind upper teeth)

Question 29

Alveopalatal formed?

Answer 29

Roof of mouth rises sharply

Question 30

How are velar sounds made?

Answer 30

Tongue touches velum (soft area at back roof of mouth)

Question 31

Is it uvular made?

Answer 31

Tongue touch or near uvula

Question 32

Oral sounds are produced when velum is _____, while nasal sounds are produced when velum is _____.

Answer 32

Oral: raised (blocks nasal passage) Nasal: lowered (blocks oral passage)

Question 33

What are non-stridents and name them?

Answer 33

The quieter fricatives and affricates (both ‘th’ sounds) | The rest are stridents

Question 34

How do you transcribe aspiration?

Answer 34

[^h]

Question 35

Which are the major and minor diphthongs?

Answer 35

Major: [aj],[oj],[aw] Minor: [ow],[ej]

Question 36

Stress is the combined effects of what?

Answer 36

Pitch, loudness and length

Question 37

In English, how are stressed vowels?

Answer 37

Higher in pitch, longer and louder than unstressed ones

Question 38

How do you get higher pitch?

Answer 38

Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure

Question 39

What is time language?

Answer 39

Using pitch to signal differences in word meaning

Question 40

How is intonation different from tone?

Answer 40

The pitch movement does NOT affect word meaning

Question 41

How are pitch accents (tones associated to stressed syllables) transcribed?

Answer 41

With a star (L*)

Question 42

How are boundary tones (tones associated with the edges of utterances) transcribed?

Answer 42

With a percent (L%)

Question 43

How is length transcribed?

Answer 43

[:]

Question 44

What is coarticulation good for?

Answer 44

Allows for fluid, fluent speech = EFFICIENT

Question 45

What is anticipatory coarticulation?

Answer 45

We start to produce the next sound while we’re still producing the last one Ex: vowels before nasals are nasalized

Question 46

What is Carry-over coarticulation?

Answer 46

Sounds are affected by preceding sounds

Question 47

True or False: the phonological level of representation contains only info about lexical categories

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Phonological rules derive ______ representations from ______ representations.

Answer 48

Surface from underlying

Question 49

What are 5 types of alternations and describe them?

Answer 49

1- assimilation - 2 adjacent segments before more similar 2- Coalescence - 2 segments merge into 1 new one 3. Lenition - weakening 4. Fortition - strengthening 5. Deletion - a segment is deleted

Question 50

What is the sonority hierarchy scale?

Answer 50

Obstruents < nasals < liquids < glides < vowels

Question 51

What is the flapping rule?

Answer 51

/t/ -> [flap] when it’s between 2 vowels and in an unstressed syllable

Question 52

What is the liquid devouring rule?

Answer 52

/l, r/ -> [ l. , r.] after voiceless stops syllable-initially

Question 53

What are the 3 parts to a rule?

Answer 53

Name Statement Rule itself

Question 54

What is neutralization?

Answer 54

2 sounds that are separate phonemes are pronounced the same way in some environments

Question 55

If sounds aren’t obstruent, they are _____.

Answer 55

Sonorants

Question 56

What are the steps when finding a rule?

Answer 56

1. Find alternations (are there minimal pairs?) 2. Describe left/right environments 3. Propose a change (pattern?) 4. Evaluate. Derive the rule.

Question 57

When are allophones in complementary distribution?

Answer 57

They never occur in the same environment

Question 58

What are the 4 tests for compound testing?

Answer 58

Stress pattern (stress on first part if compound) Placement of regular inflection (plural or verb ending is added to second word if comp) Must stay together (a bake sale vs. A big one) Semantic Drift (meaning isn’t necessarily a combo of its parts)

Question 59

What are 2 types of affixes?

Answer 59

``` Derivational Affixes (May change category) Inflectional Affixes (doesn’t change category) ```

Question 60

What are 5 types of inflectional affixes?

Answer 60

1. Case - info abt role they play 2. Gender - ex. In French 3. Noun class - people, animals, inanimate objects... 4. Number - sing. , plural, dual 5. Tense - indicates the point in time Aspect - expresses the duration of time of completion

Question 61

What are the 4 differences between inflectional and derivational affixes across languages?

Answer 61

1. Category changing 2. Ordering 3. Semantic composition 4. Productivity

Question 62

Which type of affix is more productive?

Answer 62

Inflectional

Question 63

Explain category changing with regards to affixes

Answer 63

Inflectional does not change grammatical categories but derivational affixes do

Question 64

What is the order to adding affixes?

Answer 64

Derivational (changes) then inflectional