midterm

Question 1

Aircraft turbulence is

Answer 1

irregular motion of air in flight

Question 2

The first rule in flying through turbulence is to

Answer 2

Fly V(a)

Question 3

The main natural causes of turbulence are:

Answer 3

convective
mechanical turbulence
wind shear

Question 4

An additional cause of turbulence, found behind and below aircraft producing lift is

Answer 4

wake turbulence

Question 5

What should you do if you suspect turbulence is present during an approach?

Answer 5

slightly fast

Question 6

To avoid turbulence in cumulus clouds you should fly above / through / below the clouds.

Answer 6

Above

Question 7

Turbulence encountered outside of clouds is called

Answer 7

clear air turbulence

Question 8

What do “rotor” clouds indicate?

Answer 8

Indicate severe or extreme turbulence at low altitudes due to mountain waves.

Question 9

T / F To avoid mountain wave turbulence, wait to climb until just before reaching the mountain.

Answer 9

F

Question 10

. Mountains should be over flown by a clearing altitude of

Answer 10

3000,5000

Question 11

T / F Another way to avoid mountain wave turbulence is to fly under it through mountain passes.

Answer 11

T

Question 12

. T / F Mountain valleys may be insulated from peak level winds, so plan accordingly when taking off from a
valley.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

List 2 things you should be prepared for if you suspect wind shear due to a low-level temperature inversion.

Answer 13

wind shift

wind shear turbulence

Question 14

Wake turbulence is caused by

Answer 14

lift

Question 15

List the 3 directions in which wake turbulence moves:

Answer 15

down
out
direction of the wind

Question 16

How long should you wait for wake turbulence to clear?

Answer 16

5 min

Question 17

The cumulative effects of icing on the “four forces” are:

a. Lift
b. Drag
c. Weight
d. Thrust

Answer 17

reduced
increased
increased
reduced

Question 18

Name the 3 types (locations) of icing that can affect the overall performance and systems of an aircraft:

Answer 18

induction icing
structural icing
instrument icing

Question 19

Two conditions that must be present for structural icing in flight are ____ and
______.

Answer 19

visible moisture

freezing temps

Question 20

Three types of structural icing are:

Answer 20

Rime
clear
mix

Question 21

The type of ice that forms when water drops are large, as in cumuliform clouds, is _____________ ice. This
ice is hard and heavy.

Answer 21

clear

Question 22

The main impact of rime ice is

Answer 22

reduces lift and increases drag

Question 23

How does induction icing reduce thrust?

Answer 23

clogs up air intakes

Question 24

List 4 instruments or aircraft systems that may be affected by “instrument icing.”

Answer 24

Radio
Air speed indicator
altimeter
vertical speed indicator

Question 25

T / F Only cumulus clouds have icing potential

Answer 25

F

Question 26

Frost forms near the surface primarily in what type of weather conditions?

Answer 26

clear stable air

Question 27

It takes a _________ amount frost on an aircraft wings to prevent the aircraft from becoming airborne.

Answer 27

small

Question 28

. What should you do if your aircraft does not have anti-icing or de-icing systems?

Answer 28

avoid icing

Question 29

To get out of an icing layer, you should change altitude slowly / rapidly to minimize icing potential

Answer 29

Rapidly

Question 30

If you encounter freezing rain, you should climb / descend to get out of it

Answer 30

climb

Question 31

T / F If you have a buildup of structural icing, you should maneuver the aircraft to try and break it off.

Answer 31

F

Question 32

If you are iced up on approach, fly the approach with ____

Answer 32

more power

Question 33

The three conditions required for thunderstorm formation are:

Answer 33

unstable air moisture kick start

Question 34

The three stages of a thunderstorm cell’s life cycle are:

Answer 34

Cumulus mature disapating

Question 35

The key feature of the first stage of a thunderstorm cell’s life cycle is ________

Answer 35

lift

Question 36

T / F Since the growth rate of the cloud in its first stage is relatively low (sometimes only 3000 fpm), a climb to cross over the cloud is one recommended technique to avoid its turbulence.

Answer 36

F

Question 37

How would a pilot know that a thunderstorm cell was mature?

Answer 37

Precipitation

Question 38

Updrafts in a thunderstorm can reach a rate of _______during the ________ stage.

Answer 38

6000 fpm | mature

Question 39

T / F A pilot approaching a squall line should plan to very carefully avoid individual cells by flying between the well-defined cells at VA .

Answer 39

F

Question 40

Name the two types of thunderstorms with regard to how they receive their energy.

Answer 40

Air mass | steady state

Question 41

Why does a steady state thunderstorm last so much longer than an air mass thunderstorm?

Answer 41

being fed

Question 42

Where does the precipitation fall from a steady state thunderstorm?

Answer 42

outside the cloud

Question 43

List five hazards thunderstorms present to aircraft in flight.

Answer 43

``` Squall line low visibility lightning tornado microburst ```

Question 44

The more frequent the lightning, _____

Answer 44

worse the storm

Question 45

Frequent flashes playing along a large sector of the horizon suggests a ___

Answer 45

Squall line

Question 46

Hazardous turbulence is present in___ thunderstorms.

Answer 46

All

Question 47

If caught in the turbulence of a thunderstorm, a pilot should try and maintain constant _______________ to minimize stress on the aircraft.

Answer 47

Attitude

Question 48

Hail has been observed

Answer 48

In clear air miles away from storm

Question 49

T / F Rain at the surface or lower altitudes indicates a lack of hail in a thunderstorm.

Answer 49

F

Question 50

Hail should be anticipated in __________thunderstorm, especially _________

Answer 50

any | under anvil

Question 51

A pressure change cycle affecting altimeters may occur in as little as _____

Answer 51

15 min

Question 52

What is “St. Elmo’s Fire”?

Answer 52

low level static discharge

Question 53

Microburst downdrafts can be as strong as ______________________ fpm.

Answer 53

6000

Question 54

A microburst near the ground can extend approximately ___________ in diameter.

Answer 54

2 1/2 miles

Question 55

Microburst wind shear can be as much as __________ near the surface.

Answer 55

90 knots

Question 56

When no rain is present, pilots should be alert to _____________ as an indication of microburst activity

Answer 56

see stuff blowing

Question 57

T / F Multiple microbursts in the same general area are not uncommon and should be expected.

Answer 57

T

Question 58

. Microbursts may be _______ if encountered at low altitude.

Answer 58

impossible to recover from

Question 59

Name the characteristic that defines the following: a. Tornado b. Funnel cloud c. Water spout

Answer 59

touches ground does not touch down touches water

Question 60

Tornadoes are more frequently associated with

Answer 60

squall lines

Question 61

T / F Although thunderstorms build and dissipate rapidly, they tend to move slowly and a pilot should use weather radar plan a course between echoes.

Answer 61

F

Question 62

Hazardous turbulence may extend __________ from the thunderstorm cloud.

Answer 62

20 miles

Question 63

Circumnavigate an area of thunderstorms if the area has ____________ thunderstorm coverage.

Answer 63

3/5 or 60%

Question 64

When flying at night in the vicinity of lightning, aircrew should _______

Answer 64

turn up cockpit instrument lights

Question 65

Fog is a

Answer 65

ground based cloud

Question 66

What makes fog especially hazardous to aviation?

Answer 66

forms rapidly

Question 67

A small _________ spread is essential for fog to form.

Answer 67

temperature dew point spread

Question 68

Conditions favorable for radiation fog are ___________ skies, ___________ wind, ___________ humidity.

Answer 68

clear no high

Question 69

Advection fog forms when

Answer 69

moist air goes over cold surface

Question 70

Three differences between advection fog and radiation fog are:

Answer 70

radiation fog burns off advection can form under clouds radiation forms over ground

Question 71

Why is precipitation-induced fog especially critical?

Answer 71

other possible hazards

Question 72

True or False: Low stratus clouds and fog frequently exist together.

Answer 72

T

Question 73

Haze occurs in Stable / Unstable air.

Answer 73

stable

Question 74

True or False: Haze layers often have definite tops above which the visibility is good.

Answer 74

True

Question 75

Fog evaporates, but haze or smoke must be dispersed by

Answer 75

wind

Question 76

Ceilings are defined as the height of the __________ | above ______.

Answer 76

Base of cloud | ground

Question 77

What is the difference between a cloud ceiling and an obscured ceiling?

Answer 77

good visibility below

Question 78

The single cause of the greatest number of general aviation fatalities is

Answer 78

VFR in IMC