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midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

BEHAVIOR: DEFINED

A 
What we “DO”
A verb
Can be measured
Frequency (number of days you exercise
)Duration (number of minutes per day)
Intensity (perceived exertion)
Can be observed
This allows for description and recordingHas impact on the environment
How does it impact others
Is functional
Influenced by events in the environment
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2
Q

overt vs covert behavior

A

can vs can’t be seen by others

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3
Q

PEOPLE IN BEHAVIORISM

A

Pavlov
Classical conditioning-dogs

Thorndike
Law of effect—cat box

Watson
Stimulus-response-little albert

Skinner
Operant conditioning-rat boxes

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4
Q

Functional assesment

A

why is it occuring
what is maintaing the behavior
what is the funtion

what preceeds it
what follows it
what reinforces it

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5
Q

common funtions of behaviors

A

social positive reinforcement
social negative reinforcement
automatic positive reinforcement
automatic negative reinforcement

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6
Q

abc

A

antecedent
behavior
consequence

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7
Q

indirect

A

___ assessment involves using interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales to obtain information about the target behavior from the person exhibiting the behavior; relies on individual’s memory of the behavior

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8
Q

direct

A

___ assessment involves a person observing and record the target behavior as it occurs

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9
Q

continuous

A

______ recording involves recording every instance of the behavior occurring during the observation period; may record frequency duration, intensity or latency; real-time recording

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10
Q

AB

A

the _____ design is the simplest type of design used in behavior modification; can compare baseline and treatment to determine whether the behavior changed in the expected way after treatment, but CANNOT demonstrate a functional relationship; therefore not a real research design

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11
Q

ABAB

A

the _____ research design is an extension of the simple AB design; baseline and treatment phases are implemented twice; also called a reversal design

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12
Q

multiple-baseline

A

the ______-______ research design, like the ABAB design, have two baseline phases and two treatment phases; however, these phases occur for different behaviors (_____-_____-across behaviors design), subjects (_____-_____-across-subjects design), or in different settings (_____-_____-across-settings design)

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13
Q

changing-criterion

A

______-______ research design is where, within the treatment phase, successive goal levels for the target behavior specify how much of the target should change during treatment; effectiveness is determined on whether or not behaviors change to meet goals

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14
Q

alternating-treatments

A

________-______ research design is where baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions) are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other

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15
Q

punishment

A

when a consequence that makes a particular behavior LESS likely to occur in the future is immediately implemented after a undesirable behavior

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16
Q

reinforcement

A

occurrence of a particular behavior is followed by an immediate consequence that results in the strengthening of the behavior (person is more likely to engage in the behavior again in the future)

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17
Q

contingency

A

a casual relationship

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18
Q

non contingent

A

an behavior not caused by anything

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19
Q

response contingent

A

caused by the response

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20
Q

postive reinforcement

A

behavior- addition of stimulus-behavior stregthened

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21
Q

negative reinforcement

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A

behavior- removal of adversive stimulus- stregthens the behavior

22
Q

escape contingency

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A

negative reinforcement

23
Q

Differential Reinforcement

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A

Stopping an appropriate reinforcement for an inappropriate response and shifting it to the appropriate response

24
Q

Performance Management Contingency

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A

Naturally reinforce behaviors that you want to see

25
Inappropriate Natural Contingency
A natural response to a behavior that is not intended to reinforce but it does
26
social vs. automatic reinforcement
social: consequence comes from the actions of another person automatic: the behavior itself is reinforcing
27
primary and secondary
primary: biological naturally conditioned secondary: we have to be trained to respond to it
28
Increasing Effectiveness of Reinforcements
- Immediate - Contingent on the behavior - Choosing appropriate reinforcers for the individual - Intensity
29
Negative Punishment
Removal of a reinforcement More common than positive reinforcement Safer, more ethical, less room for problems
30
Two main ways to negatively punish
Time-outs: -Exclusionary: Removal from the reinforcing environment -Non-exclusionary: Removal from the reinforcements, but stays in the room Response cost
31
Response Cost
The removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer immediately following a particular behavior.
32
Extinction
A previously reinforced behavior stops occurring because it is no longer being reinforced
33
Shaping
Development of a new behavior by successive reinforcement of closer approximations and extinguishing preceding approximations of behavior
34
Extinction Burst
An increase in frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.
35
Spontaneous Recovery
Behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has been decreased or it has stopped entirely.
36
extinction is more likely to occur when it has been reinforced with a _________ schedule
continuous reinforcement
37
extinction is more resistant to occur when it has been reinforced with a _________ schedule
intermittent reinforcement
38
POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT EXTINCTION
Positive Reinforcement: Extinction means removing the positive consequences Negative Reinforcement: Extinction means the aversive stimulus continues or the aversive stimulus no longer allows for escape.
39
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
Increases desirable behavior while decreasing undesirable behaviorDesirable behaviors are reinforcedUndesirable behaviors are extinguished or punished
40
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (Zero Rate)
Instead of reinforcing an alternate behavior, you reinforce the absence of the behavior Choose and amount of time that the behavior has to be absent Another form of extinction
41
Momentary DRO
The behavior only has to be absent at the end of the interval
42
Whole Interval DRO
The behavior must be absent for the whole interval
43
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)
Similar to DRO, but with a lower rate of behavior rather than total absence
44
DIFFERENTIAL PUNISHMENT
Punishing one behavior and with holding punishment from the otherDecreasing one behavior and increasing another
45
TASK ANALYSIS
Breaking a behavior into its components
46
Token Economy
Used to be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers
47
Types of Behavioral Contracts
One Party: one person desires behavior change Two Party: Two people desire mutually beneficial behavior change Parallel: Two independent contracts, one for each party Quid Pro Quo Contract: One in return for the other
48
Fixed-ratio
reinforcer occurs each time a number of responses of a particular type are shown (every 3rd time, every time they turn a page)
49
Variable-ratio
A reinforcer occurs after a certain number of a particular response and the number of responses required for each reinforcer changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next (lottery ticket, asking someone out, slot machine)
50
Fixed-interval
A reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after a fixed period of time (paycheck, dental visits, weekly television shows)
51
Variable-interval
A reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after an interval of time, and the length of the interval changes unpredictably from one reinforcer to the next (checking your email, pop quizzes)

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