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EPHE141 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Where is Superficial Fascia / subcutaneous found?

A

Between skin and underlying organs

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2
Q

What is superficial fascia composed of

A

Areolar and adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where is subserous fascia found

A

Between serous membranes and deep fascia

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4
Q

What is subserous fascia composed of

A

areolar tissue

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5
Q

Function of deep fascia

A

forms strong, fibrous internal framework

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6
Q

What is deep fascia composed of

A

Dense irregular CT

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7
Q

Where is deep fascia found

A

bound to ligaments, tendons, capsules

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

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9
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle cell

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10
Q

Role of melanocytes in the epidermis

A

produce pigment by absorbing UV

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11
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

large ligament on back on neck, covers spines C1-6

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12
Q

How does glenoid labrum contribute to stability of shoulder

A

acts as suction, deepens articulating surface for cavity to meet head of humerus, more stability

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13
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

-blood vessels, alveoli, high permeability need to control, quick O2 transfer

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14
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelial

A

absorption, secretion, excretion sites. Ovaries, kidney ducts, thyroid gland, sweat glands

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15
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelial

A

Most organs of the digestive tract (stomach, intestines, uterus)

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16
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial

A

Places of high abrasion, protection (anus, mouth)

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17
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelial

A

Secretion sites. Some sweat glands

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18
Q

Where can you find stratified columnar

A

Rare. Mammary glands, secretion sites

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19
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secretions are released onto an epithelial surface outside body thru a duct (eg. sweat gland, mammary gland)

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20
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless. Release their hormones by exocytosis directly into interstitial fluid (blood stream)

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21
Q

3 types of secretions done by glandular epithelia

A

Serous, Mucous, Mixed exocrine

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22
Q

Serous secretion

A

watery substance, eg. saliva

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23
Q

mixed exocrine secretion

A

mixture of cells that secrete serous and mucous secretions

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24
Q

3 types of exocrine/gland cell secretions

A

Eccrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

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25
Eccrine secretion
Gland cell releases thru exocytosis
26
Apocrine secretion
Released by shedding of cytoplasm (mammary gland)
27
Holocrine secretion
entire cell bursts releasing secretion (acne, sebaceous gland)
28
Main components of CT
specialized cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts), protein fibres (collagen, reticular fibres, elastic fibres), ground substance
29
Fibroblasts
produce CT fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and extracellular matrix
30
Chondroblasts
Produce cartilage components
31
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
32
What are fixed cells
Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, etc. stuck in place
33
What are wandering cells
Float in and out, all immune cells (e.g.. macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes)
34
Fixed Macrophages
phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells
35
Mesenchymal cells
CT stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types
36
Melanocytes
Provide melanin for pigmentation in skin
37
Free macrophages
phagocytic cells that get rid of dying, unwanted cells. Act like army when there is inflammation
38
Mast cells
Wandering cell, stimulate inflammatory response, attracts free macrophages and neutrophils
39
Lymphocytes
wandering cell, part of immune response, memory component
40
Neutrophils
wandering, small phagocytic cells that assist during infection and tissue damage (1st to arrive to virus)
41
3 types of Loose CT
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular tissue
42
Protein fibers
Collagen, reticulin, elastic
43
Functions of loose CT
Packing material, provides cushioning, stores energy, route for diffusion
44
Function and Location of Loose CT Areolar
Supports and cushions organs. Found where support is needed around dermis, b/w muscles, around blood vessels
45
Function and Location of Loose CT Adipose
Stores energy, absorbs shock, insulates. Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and intermuscular
46
Function and Location of Loose CT Reticular
Supporting framework for organs (scaffolding). Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
47
3 types of Dense CT
Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic
48
Function and Location of Dense Regular CT
Primary collagen, orderly, firm attachments, stabilize. Tendons, ligaments, connecting bone to bone, aponeuroses
49
Function and Location of Dense Irregular CT
Primarily collagen fibers, all different directions, helps to prevent over expansion of organs. Found in dermis of skin, joint and organ capsules, periosteum
50
Dense Elastic CT
Rare. Primarily elastin. Looks orderly like dense regular CT. Around blood vessels (stretch and return to shape), help in maintaining BP
51
2 types of Supporting CT
Cartilage and Bone
52
Is cartilage avascular
Yes
53
Cartilage
Collagen found throughout, repair is very limited bc avascular
54
Perichondrium
separates cartilage from other tissues, "around" "cartilage", has blood supply
55
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
56
Cartilage grows by:
Appositional or Inerstitial growth
57
Function and Location of Hyaline
Strong, flexible, reduces friction b/w bones. Found b/w ribs & sternum, covering articulating bone surfaces (synovial joints), supports larynx, trachea
58
Does hyaline in joints have a perichondrium lining?
No. So it gets its nutrition from synovial fluid
59
Function and location of elastic cartilage
Supports and tolerates distortion, memory component. Found external flap of ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
60
Function and location of fibrous cartilage
Resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement. Found in big areas that need support, pads of knee, b/w pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs
61
Lacunae
found within bone & cartilage, chondrocytes/osteocytes reside in them. Help with growth
62
Osteon
Concentric layers that form around central canal
63
Canaliculi
Canals b/w lacunae of bones
64
Is bone vascular
Yes, it has blood vessels. Tissue can repair easier and newly made RBC, WBC, and platelets in bone marrow can get out
65
Is bone vascular
Yes, it has blood vessels. Tissue can repair easier and newly made RBC, WBC, and platelets in bone marrow can get out
66
2 types of bone
Compact and spongy (trabecular)
67
Compact bone
blood vessels trapped within matrix
68
Spongy bone
doesn't have blood vessels in matrix, tends to be more internal, reduces weight
69
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells, immature, lay down new bone
70
Osteocytes
bone maintenance
71
Osteoclasts
"chew up" old bone
72
4 types of epithelial membranes
Mucous, Serous, Synovial, Cutaneous
73
Mucous membrane
coated w/ secretions from mucous glands. Line most of dig tract, portions of urinary. Usually columnar or cuboidal
74
Serous membrane
Mesothelium (lining of body cavities: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) & areolar CT. Has serous fluid between cavity and oral lining
75
Synovial membrane
Areolar tissue and superficial layer of squamous, cuboidal. Has synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage in joints
76
Cutaneous Membrane
Epidermis, dermis. 1st line of defence against pathogens. **keratinized stratified squamous ET with areolar loose CT and then Dense irregular CT
77
3 types of muscle cells
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
78
the ____ the muscle fibre, the more ___ the individual
thicker, active
79
Cardiac muscle
mono nucleated, striated, incapable of repair
80
What kind of cells are cardiac muscles connected by
Intercalated discs, which creates branching b/w cardiac muscle fibres
81
Where is smooth muscle found
Base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, lining the urinary bladder (sphincters)
82
Can smooth muscle regenerate
Yes, it is capable of cell reproduction
83
Smooth muscle
small w/ tapered ends, 1 nucleus in middle, not striated
84
What does the cutaneous membrane consist of
Dermis & epidermis
85
2 accessory glands
Sebaceous and sweat glands
86
Sebaceous gland
secrets sebum which coats hair shaft & epidermis, inhibits growth of bacteria, exocrine gland
87
Sweat gland
can be apocrine (groin, nipples) or eccrine (thin secretion)
88
2 forms of ossification
Intramembraneous and Endochondral
89
Intramembraneous ossification
stem cells differentiate to form osteoblasts, osteoblasts secrete a matrix and get trapped, turn to osteocytes, blood vessels get trapped, bony plates fuse together`
90
What do the external intercostal muscles do
elevate ribs
91
What do the internal intercostal muscles do
depress ribs
92
Primary muscles of breathing
Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
93
Muscles used for inhaling
Sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
94
Muscles used for expiration
internal intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis muscle
95
Pectoralis major's antagonist (flexion, add)
Deltoid
96
Serratus anterior antagonist (protracts scapula)
Rhomboid major and minor
97
Trapezius antagonists
Serratus anterior, Latissimus dorsi
98
Where does biceps brachii originate
coracoid process of scapula
99
Where does biceps brachii insert
radial tuberosity on radius bone
100
3 joints in elbow
Proximal Radioulnar joint, humeroradial joint, Humeroulnar joint
101
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Teres Minor. Subscapularis
102
Joints in forearm
Proximal radioulnar, middle radioulnar, distal radioulnar

EPHE141 (6 decks)

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