MIDTERM Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Identity
A
Shaped by interaction, shapes how we see others and influencers relationship we have
2
Q
Identity is viewed through 4 frames
A
Personal frame, enactment of communication, relationship frame & communal frame
3
Q
Personal frame
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Our identity is constructed within ourselves (who we think we are)
4
Q
Enactment of Communication
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Our identity is maintained via communication
5
Q
Relationship Frame
A
Our identity is based on people we interact with overtime
6
Q
Communal Frame
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Our identity is partly developed by the communities and groups we participate in
7
Q
Aron & Aron’s Self Expansion Theory
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Explain how Identity effects the development of close relationships
8
Q
Aron & Aron’s Self Expansion Theory 3 Main Points:
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People want to expand themselves, people get into relationships to expand self & successful relationships depend on mutual expansion of identities
9
Q
Self Presentation
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Managing our public identity depending on the situation and who we’re interacting with.
10
Q
Display Rules
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Putting on a happy face, pretending to be interested in a boring conversation to be polite
11
Q
Affinity Seeking Behaviors
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Actions designed to attract others
12
Q
Brown & Levinson’s Politeness Theory
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Explains how people manage their interactions during real face threatening situations
13
Q
Positive Face
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Is a favorable image that people try to present to others
14
Q
Negative Face
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Reflects our need to be autonomous
15
Q
6 factors that determine Face Threatening Acts:
A
The more important the rule that is violated, the more harm the behavior produces, the more directly responsible for the behavior,the more of an imposition the behavior causes, the larger the social distance between actor and receiver, the more power the receiver has over the sender: THE MORE SEVERE THE FTA
16
Q
Preventing facework
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Involves strategies to prevent face threats
17
Q
6 Preventative Facework Strategies
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Hedging, Credentialing, Sin License, Cognitive, Appeal for suspended judgement & self-handicapping
18
Q
Hedging (Preventative FW)
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“I may be off track but…”
19
Q
Credentialing (Preventative FW)
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“I’m the boss so….”
20
Q
Sin License (Preventative FW)
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“Since we’re talking about vices…” (opening can of worms)
21
Q
Cognitive (Preventative FW)
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“What I am going to say may sound totally weird, but…”
22
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Self-Handicapping (Preventative FW)
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“I may not do well because…”
23
Q
Corrective Facework
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Involves strategies to correct the damage of face threats
24
Q
6 Corrective Facework Strategies
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Humor, Avoidance, Apologies, Physical Remediation, Accounts, Aggression
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Humor (Corrective FW)
You may laugh it off (esp in embarrassing situations)
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Avoidance (Corrective FW)
We can pretend the face threatening acts didn’t happen
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Apologies (Corrective FW)
Show regret for something
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Physical Remediation (Corrective FW)
We can try to fix something we broke and buy a new one
29
Accounts (Corrective FW)
Try to explain what happened using justifications or excuses
30
Aggression (Corrective FW)
Use of physical force or verbal aggression to fix the damage of an FTA
31
Attraction
The force that draws people together
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7 Types of Attraction
Physical, social, task, chemical, relational, sexual, fatal
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Physical Attraction
Attraction to the way a person looks
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Social Attraction
Wanting to hang out with a person, thinking they would fit well with friends and family
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Task Attraction
Desire to work with someone on projects or to reach personal goals
36
Sexual Attraction
Desire to have sex with someone
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Relational Attraction
Desire for an intimate relationships (closely tied to social attraction)
38
Chemical Attraction
Physiological responses to attraction, release of oxytocin increases trust
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Fatal Attraction
The qualities that attracted us become the reason for the breakup
40
Halo Effect
The tendency to perceive physically attractive people as more social, friendlier and competent
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4 Main Points of Kelley’s Model of Attraction
1. our own personal qualities and preferences
2. Qualities of the other person
3. Chemistry
4. Environmental Factors
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1. Our own qualities and preferences:
Personality, attachment style, needs, beliefs, age, appearance, demographics, communication skills
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2. Qualities of the other person
Physical attractiveness, warmth and sociability, competent communication, “hard to get“ phenomenon
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3. Chemistry
The interplay of the similarities and differences between both people
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Byrne Reinforcement Model
We are attracted to similar people because it reinforces our world view
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The Matching Hypothesis
We like those who match our level of attractiveness
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4. environmental factors
Features the setting around you (lighting, temperature, color)
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Reinforcement Affect Model
The positive effects of the environment are transferred to the people involved
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Excitation Transfer
Misattribution of emotions
50
Social Network
Feedback of family and friends
51
Romeo & Juliet Effect
Parental disapproval sometimes increases attraction
52
Markers of Physical Attractiveness
The notion that beauty is in the eye of the beholder suggest that attractiveness is subjective of individual taste
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Body Type
Concerns a person’s height and weight
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Somatyping
The term for classifying body types
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3 Types of Body Types
Endomorphic, Ectomorphic & Mesomorphic
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Endomorphic Body Type
Overweight for height
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Ectomorphic Body Type
Underweight for Height
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Mesomorphic Body Type
Balanced height and weight
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Symmetry
One of the most universal predictors of attractiveness, an even and aligned face
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Body Proportionality
The golden rule or “phi” states that people are attracted to bodies that have the ratio of 1 to 1.618 in several features
61
Neoteny
Refers to the tendency to retain juvenile physical features into adulthood, youthful looking
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Koinophilia
Refers to the propensity to be attracted to faces that display average traits, as opposed to extraordinary ones
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Olfactic Attraction
Humans have the dullest senses to smells in the animal kingdom
64
Uncertainty
The inability to predict someone’s attitudes or behaviors
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Self-uncertainty
Questions regarding one’s own feelings and intentions, if feelings are reciprocated
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Partner-uncertainty
Feelings of uncertainty about partner’s feelings and intentions, if feelings are reciprocated
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Relationship uncertainty
Questions regarding the state of the relationship
68
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Theory focuses on what happens during initial reactions, people hate uncertainty and people are motivated to seek info to reduce uncertainty
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3 Principles of Uncertainty in Initial Interaction
1. People seek info to reduce uncertainty in first encounter
2. People engage in passive, active or interactive strategies to reduce uncertainty
3. As uncertainty decreases, attraction increases
70
(Uncertainty) Passive Strategies
Involves unobstructed observations of the other person (social media stalking)
71
(Uncertainty) Active Strategies
Involve manipulating the situation to see how the person responds
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(Uncertainty) Interactive Strategies
Involve talking to the person, asking questions, self disclosing
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Predicted Outcome Value Theory (Sunnafrank)
This theory states that people will seek information to reduce uncertainty only when they perceive positive outcomes
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3 Types of “Secret Tests” to reduce uncertainty (Baxter & Wilmot)
Asking Third Party, Directness Tests & Triangle Tests
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Asking Third Party
Relying on feedback from others about them
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Directness Tests
Ask partner directly
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Triangle Tests
Tests their commitment to the relationship by creating 3 person triangles
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6 Types of Triangle Tests
Fidelity checks, jealousy tests, separation tests, endurance tests, public presentation tests and indirect suggestion tests
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1. Fidelity Checks (Triangle)
See if partner responds to an admirer
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2. Jealousy Tests (Triangle)
See if partner becomes jealous if you flirt with someone
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3. Separation Tests (Triangle)
Create physical distance or stopping contact between partners
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4. Endurance Tests (Triangle)
Tests how much cost (problems) can a partner take.
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5. Public Presentation Tests (Triangle)
Early stage of the relationship tests, involves using labels for the other when introducing him or her (ex: this is my boyfriend)
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Indirect Suggestion Tests
Hinting or jokes around bringing up a topic without taking responsibility (Ex: Jack might joke about marrying sue at a party)
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Uncertainty goes on not just at the beginning but,
Throughout a relationship
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Dialectics Theory
People have opposing interpersonal needs (too much certainty is boring, some uncertainty keeps relationship exciting)
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Situations that create uncertainty in relationships:
Surprises, criticisms, accusations, uncharacteristic social and relational behavior, hurtful comments, acts of disregard
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Model of Relational Turbulence
Transition from casual dating to commitment becomes turbulent because uncertainty increases as partners renegotiate their level of interdependence/commitment
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Relational Initiation
Comfort approaching new people, starting conversations, making suggestions and invitations
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Self Disclosure
Revealing personal info
91
Emotional Support
Listening to others, offering advice, showing care and concern
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Negative Assertion
Ability to say no to a friend, say when feelings are hurt
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Conflict Management Skills
Ability to refrain from expressing hostile feelings during conflict
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Depth & Breadth
How personal or deep the communication gets and how many topics are covered
95
Frequency & Duration
How often and how long people self-disclose
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Valence & Veracity
The positive or negative charge of the self disclosure and how honest or deceptive communication is
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The risk of self disclosure
Fear of exposure, rejection, retaliation or embarrassment
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disclosure-liking & liking-Disclosure hypothesis
We disclose to those we like and we like those who disclose to us
99
Social Penetration Theory
Communication from superficial to intimate as relationships develop
100
Knapp’s 5 Stages of Coming Together
Initiation, Experimental, Intensifying, Integrating & Bonding
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Knapp’s Stage 1: Initiation
Low levels of depth and breadth, covers few topics in interaction
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Knapp’s Stage 2: Experimental
Casual friends Disclosure is marked by more breadth & frequency. Getting to know one another
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Knapp’s Stage 3: Intensifying
Good friends & lovers. Disclosure is characterized at higher levels of depth and breadth
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Knapp’s Stage 4: Integrating
Starting to use “us” language, others see the partners as a couple
105
Knapp’s Stage 5: Bonding
Commitment declared publicly usually through marriage, children
106
Turning Points
Any event that is associated with a change in the commitment of the relationship. (EX: first date, first kiss, etc.)
107
3 Types of Closeness
Physical, emotional & relational
108
Physical Closeness
The spatial proximity and amount of physical contact between people
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Emotional Closeness
A sense of shared experiences, trust, concern and caring
110
Relational Closeness
Interdependence, an exchange of resources, influence on each other’s thoughts and behaviors
111
3 Types of communication in close relationships
Affectionate communication, immediacy behavior & social support
112
Affectionate Communication
Expressions of fondness and positive regard for the other person
113
Immediacy Behavior
Increases physical and emotional closeness
114
Social Support
Focus on concern and caring
115
4 Ways to communicate affection: Direct Verbal Comm
Self-Disclosure, direct emotional expressions, compliments & praise, assurances
116
Self disclosure
Communicating about one’s feelings and beliefs. Most important of all direct verbal behaviors because they send messages of trust and liking
117
Direct Emotional Expressions
Direct statements of how one feels
118
Compliments/Praise
Direct statements that communicate positive regard and makes the other person feel good about themselves
119
Assurances
Discussion of one’s commitment level in the relationship
120
3 ways to communicate affection in Direct Nonverbal Communication
Physical contact & distancing, eye behavior and vocalist behavior
121
Physical Contact & Distancing
Holding hands, kissing, cuddling, massaging, sitting close, squeezing.
122
Eye Behavior
Mutual, prolonged and focused eye contact
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Vocalist Behavior
Tone, inflection and rate of speech
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2 ways to communicate affection in Indirect Nonverbal Communication
Support behaviors & Idiomatic Behaviors
125
Support Behaviors
Showing emotional and instrumental support, which communicates love and care (EX: bringing someone food, picking some one up)
126
Idiomatic Behaviors
Behaviors that have specific meaning only to the people in the relationship (EX: inside jokes)
127
Passionate Love
Defined by intense emotional arousal and longing to be with the other
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Companionate Love
Based on a deep friendship between partners
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3 component of Steinburg’s Triangle Theory of Love
Intimacy, Passion &. Commitment
130
Lee’s 3 Primary Love Styles
Eros, Storge & Ludus
131
Eros (Romantic Love)
Intense, high passion, very physical, emotional highs and lows, quick emotional intimacy, high self disclosure
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Storge (Companionate Love )
Friendships, high intimacy & commitment, low passion, enjoyment of mutual interests
133
Ludus (Game Playing Love)
Sees relationship as fun, playful and casual, avoid commitment
134
Lee’s 3 Secondary Styles of Love
Mania, Pragma & Agape
135
Mania (Possessive Love)
Combo of Eros & Ludus, tends to be more demanding, dependent, possessive & jealous
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Pragma (Practical Love)
Combo of Storge & Ludus, seek compatible partners, avoid risk, common sense approach to Love
137
Agape (Selfless Love)
Combo of Eros & Storge, caring and concern based, self sacrificing & unconditional love
138
Attachment Theory
Interactions with others throughout our lives develops our attachment style, which influences our relationships
139
Model of a Self
The degree to which a child develops an internalized sense of self worth that is not dependent on external validation
140
Model of others
The degree to which a child expects others to be supportive (rather than rejecting)
141
Safe Haven
An appropriate level of security that allows a child to safely explore the world around them results in higher self confidence
142
3 Attachment Styles of Children
Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent & Avoidant Attachment
143
Secure Attachment
Parents are consistent in providing high levels of affection and comfort when a child experiences distress. (60% of children)
144
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Parents are inconsistent in care giving, sometimes overprotective. Children have low self esteem and low self confidence (20% of Children)
145
Avoidant Attachment
Parents provide low levels of affection and comfort when child experiences distress. The kids become detached and rely on themselves. Kids have high self esteem but low trust in others (15% of children)
146
Bartholomew & Horowitz Model of Adult Attachment
Two dimensional model based on thoughts about self and thoughts about others
147
4 Types of Adult Attachment
Secure, preoccupied, fearful & dismissive
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Secure Attachment Style: Pro-Social Style
Self sufficient and comfortable with intimacy, compromise and problem solving in conflict, tend to be pleasant & skilled communicators
149
Preoccupied Attachment: Emotional Style
Dependent and over involved in relationships, want excessive intimacy and worry if partners doesn’t care, clingy, sensitive
150
Fearful Attachment: Hesitant Style
Fearful of intimacy, communication is passive, guarded, anxious, trouble expressing emotion, low levels of maintenance and Nonverbal pleasantness.
151
Dismissive Attachment: Detached Style
Counter dependent (self sufficient to the point of pushing away others), relationships are seen as non essential, personal goals are higher priority, independent
152
Secure Attachment: REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
Because secures are confident and expressive, people react to them positively and reinforcing positive models of self and others
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Preoccupied Attachment: REINFORCEMENT STYLE
By clinging to their partners and escalating intimacy quickly, they push away partners, reinforcing that they are unworthy of love
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Fearful Attachment: REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
By avoiding taking risks, they keep themselves from developing positive relationships.
155
Dismissive Attachment: REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
By learning to get along in their own they reinforce the idea that they don’t need others to be happy.
