Midterm

Question 1

helps us know if true change has occurred between measurements

Answer 1

reliability

Question 2

measure is consistent when performed multiple times on same patient/participant and construct has not changed

Answer 2

test-retest reliability

Question 3

measurements obtained by same assessor are consistent

Answer 3

intra rater reliability

Question 4

measurements obtained by 2 or more assessors are consistent

Answer 4

inter rater reliability

Question 5

does the instrument or test seem to be a good choice to measure something

Answer 5

face validity

Question 6

making clinical subjective judgement if something measures what it should measure

Answer 6

face validity

Question 7

instrument covers all elements of construct being measured and does not include irrelevant elements

Answer 7

content validity

Question 8

what are the two types of criterion validity

Answer 8

concurrent

predictive

Question 9

measure of interest and measure with already established validity administered at the same time point produce consistent results

Answer 9

concurrent validity

Question 10

measure predicts an outcome of interest well

Answer 10

predictive validity

Question 11

instrument measures what it claims to measure (stats involved)

Answer 11

construct validity

Question 12

doing stats to establish a relationship between things

Answer 12

construct validity

Question 13

degree to which results of the study can be attributed to the study intervention and not extraneous factors

Answer 13

internal validity

Question 14

a __________study is well controlled

Answer 14

internally valid

Question 15

what does rigor in a study mean

Answer 15

that things are well controlled

Question 16

dependent on the rigor with which the study was conducted

Answer 16

internal validity

Question 17

process of selecting subjects leads to sample that is not representative of the target population

Answer 17

selection bias

Question 18

when participants drop out or do not complete the study

Answer 18

participant attrition

Question 19

solutions for participant attrition

Answer 19

1. ) enroll more subjects
2. ) account for in statistical analysis
3. ) document drop-outs and reasons

Question 20

seeing how many people you need in the study to see if an intervention worked

Answer 20

statistical power

Question 21

events that happen outside the study but influence the results (out of control of investigator)

Answer 21

history

Question 22

changes over time that are internal to participants that are not related to the study but may affect results

Answer 22

maturation

Question 23

this would be an example of what: people with Parkinson’s condition fluctuating at different times during the day

Answer 23

maturation

Question 24

multiple baseline testing can help with what

Answer 24

maturation

Question 25

used to gather information to better understand a condition, test or t/x

Answer 25

background question

Question 26

information to guide decision-making when managing a specific patient's condition

Answer 26

foreground question

Question 27

what does PICO stand for

Answer 27

P--> patient or problem I--> intervention C--> comparison O--> outcomes

Question 28

gives a numerical conclusion

Answer 28

meta analysis

Question 29

synthesize findings from multiple studies to generate summary statistics

Answer 29

meta analysis

Question 30

gives general statement as a conclusion

Answer 30

systematic review

Question 31

answers questions by systematically reviewing and describing all relevant available evidence; similar to meta-analysis

Answer 31

systematic review

Question 32

subjects randomly assigned to groups to compare interventions; gives you cause-and-effect

Answer 32

RCT

Question 33

not cause and effect; observe b/c it’s unethical to randomize pts to have an injury or illness/disability. Collect data on those who have already experiences that injury or who already have that illness/disability

Answer 33

observation studies

Question 34

two types of observational studies

Answer 34

1. ) cohort | 2. ) case control

Question 35

study of exposure leading to outcome

Answer 35

cohort study

Question 36

observational study design where ‘cases’ have condition of interest

Answer 36

case control study

Question 37

include one or just a few patients. Used when intervention is new or novel, or when pt’s condition is superrr rare

Answer 37

case study or case series

Question 38

best type of study when answering question about a diagnosis

Answer 38

prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard

Question 39

best type of studies (in order) when answering a question about therapy or t/x options

Answer 39

RCT-->Cohort--> case control--> case series

Question 40

best type of studies (in order) when answering a question about prognosis

Answer 40

cohort study--> case control--> case series

Question 41

no mathematical properties, can’t add a value or rank to these, just categories.

Answer 41

nominal data

Question 42

what stats can we use for nominal data

Answer 42

frequencies and mode

Question 43

categorical but can rank order to categories. There’s no set distance between categories

Answer 43

ordinal data

Question 44

stats that can be used for ordinal data

Answer 44

frequencies and modes

Question 45

pain scale would be example of what type of data

Answer 45

ordinal

Question 46

stats, eye color, marital status would be an example of what type of data

Answer 46

nominal data

Question 47

numeric values along a scale with equal set distance between them, but there is no true zero point, can have negative values.

Answer 47

interval data

Question 48

temperature is an example of what type of data

Answer 48

interval

Question 49

stats that can be used for interval data

Answer 49

mean, median, mode

Question 50

numeric values along a scale with equal distances between them and a known zero point. Can’t have negative values.

Answer 50

ratio data

Question 51

level of assistance is an example of what type of data

Answer 51

ordinal

Question 52

height, weight, walking speed is an example of what type of data

Answer 52

ratio

Question 53

show proportionally the number or percent by category

Answer 53

pie charts or bar charts

Question 54

show distribution of a variable; x axis is your scale and y axis is your frequency

Answer 54

histograms

Question 55

plot a dependent variable on vertical axis and independent variable on horizontal axis. Each subject is a point on the chart

Answer 55

scatterplots

Question 56

only appropriate for interval and ratio data

Answer 56

mean

Question 57

graph’s vertex is to the right, mean shifts to the left

Answer 57

left skewed (neg skewed)

Question 58

graph’s vertex is to the left, mean shifts to the right

Answer 58

right skewed (pos skewed)

Question 59

mean shifts to the right when

Answer 59

right skewed

Question 60

means shifts to the left when

Answer 60

left skewed

Question 61

measure of how well the mean represents the data

Answer 61

standard deviation

Question 62

amount of variability expressed as a percentage of the mean

Answer 62

coefficient of variation

Question 63

are there units associated with coefficient of variation

Answer 63

no

Question 64

o Compare variability btwn different measures of the same thing; Ex-different devices that measure same strength

Answer 64

coefficient of variation

Question 65

number of SDs a data pt is from the mean of the sample or population

Answer 65

z score

Question 66

Compare variability btwn 2 different samples on the same measure; Ex- same measure but looking at younger vs older pts

Answer 66

coefficient of variation

Question 67

is a measure of ‘precision’ of the sample mean; how well your sample represents your population

Answer 67

standard error of the mean

Question 68

range of values that contains the ‘true’ value with a given probability

Answer 68

confidence intervals

Question 69

Can compare data points across data sets

Answer 69

z score

Question 70

how well the sample represents the population

Answer 70

standard error of the mean

Question 71

repeated measurements are consistent (synonymous with reproducibility, repeatability, consistency, dependability)

Answer 71

reliablity