Midterm

Question 1

Victory that provided control of the empire for Constantine

Answer 1

Milvian Bridge on the Tiber River

Question 2

Prior to taking on a Christian symbol, by what battle symbol was Constantine known?

Answer 2

Unconquered Sun

Question 3

Symbol that Constantine placed upon his shield after conversion

Answer 3

Chi-Rho

Question 4

Law that legalized Christianity

Answer 4

Edict of Milan

Question 5

Which emperor forbade pagan worship, giving rise to Christianity as the state religion

Answer 5

Theodosius

Question 6

Changes in the Church as a result of Constantine

Answer 6

• Taxes for churches and Clergy
• First day of the Week devoted to Worship
• Incense
• Priests and Priestly robes
• Communion Table to Altar
• Kneel for prayer

Question 7

Changes in Architecture as a result of Constantine

Answer 7

• Altar at the center, with polygon or round floor
• Rectangular Basilica
• Dicided into atrium, nave, and sanctuary
• Fountain for renewal of baptism
• Emergence of icons
• Baptistery

Question 8

A schism developed within the church who succumbed to persecution and later desired to return to the church

Answer 8

Donatism

Question 9

Handed over scriptures to authorities; betraying Christian’s or Christianity during times of persecution

Answer 9

Traditor

Question 10

Theologian contended that the corruption of humanity is the result of sin required a recreation of humanity?

Answer 10

Athanasius

Question 11

Who said, “God became human so that humanity might become god”?

Answer 11

Athanasius of Alexandria

Question 12

What did Athanasius see as a threat to the heart of Christianity?

Answer 12

Arianism

Question 13

What was the council called by Constantine to address the controversy over the nature of Jesus called?

Answer 13

Council of Nicea

Question 14

Who are the major contributors to the Nicean interpretation of the relationship of the Father and the Son?

Answer 14

The Great Cappadocians

Question 15

Which theologian from Cappadocia was knows as the Teacher?

Answer 15

Macrina the Teacher

Question 16

Who was known for writings on the Trinity challenges to Arianism and advocated for the poor?

Answer 16

St. Basil the Great

Question 17

Who stated, “God has made humanity, so humanity is perfected as God, and that is my glory.”?

Answer 17

St Gregory of Nyssa

Question 18

Who took a leading role against Arianism; was attacked by Arian priests for his advocacy of what would become orthodox teachings on the nature of the Son?

Answer 18

St Gregory Nazianzen

Question 19

Who reaffirmed Nicea regarding the divinity of the Son but also confirmed the Holy Spirit with the Son and Father as one substance?

Answer 19

Constantinople

Question 20

“True strength consists in supporting the weak against the strong, and that they should invite to their feasts not the rich who could reward them but rather the poor who could not.” Who said this?

Answer 20

Ambrose of Milan

Question 21

Who interpreted scripture allegorically and advocated for the poor?

Answer 21

Ambrose of Milan

Question 22

Which reformer during the 4th-5th Centuries addressed celibate priests living with “spiritual sisters,” clergy living in luxury at the expense of the church whose finances were in shambles? “Golden-mouth preacher”

Answer 22

St John Chrysostom

Question 23

Provided Christianity with a foothold around the Roman Empire

Answer 23

Jewish Diaspora

Question 24

Political action that contributed to the advancement of early Christianity

Answer 24

Transportation Systems

Question 25

Jewish theologian and philosopher who contended that Judaism and Hellenism hold common theological precepts

Answer 25

Philo of Alexandria

Question 26

Who uses the expressions “Logos, the perfect, unchanging, impassive, transcendent, Omniscient, Omnipotent, Omnipresent.”?

Answer 26

Hellenists

Question 27

What community practices a variation of Gnosticism and contended that Jesus appeared as human but did not take on human flesh (he was divine)?

Answer 27

Docetists

Question 28

“Matter is evil: Spirit is good”

Answer 28

Gnostic Dualism

Question 29

Who said, “If the world is evil, the creator must be evil or ignorant”?

Answer 29

Marcion

Question 30

Theologian from West Africa who contends that there is one truth, whether from Plato or Jesus

Answer 30

Clement of Alexandria

Question 31

What did Marcion Contend about God?

Answer 31

God of the Old Testament was different from and inferior to the God of the New Testament

Question 32

What did Tertullian believe about Jesus?

Answer 32

Jesus was Human and Divine. One person and two natures of Jesus.

Question 33

Irenaeus believed that “Christ has become the new _________, replacing Adam”

Answer 33

Head of Humanity

Question 34

Irenaeus believed that “In Christ, | ________________”

Answer 34

Humanity is united with divinity

Question 35

When was the Council of Nicea held?

Answer 35

325

Question 36

When was the First Council of Constantinople held?

Answer 36

381

Question 37

Who summoned the Council of Constantinople?

Answer 37

Theodosius

Question 38

What word was incorporated into a creed to signify the absolute equality of the Son and the Father? (Of the SAME Substance)

Answer 38

homoousios

Question 39

What does “homoiousios” mean?

Answer 39

Of Similar Substance

Question 40

What did homoousios signify about the Son and the Father?

Answer 40

Their equality

Question 41

Exchanged letters coming to conclusion that Christian’s should not be persecuted; only if they commit a crime.

Answer 41

Pliny and Trajan

Question 42

What school of thought will emphasize the humanity of Jesus?

Answer 42

Antioch

Question 43

Theologian from Western Africa who contended that truth can be found in Christ alone and a search for philosophy is not valuable

Answer 43

Tertullian

Question 44

"What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem?"

Answer 44

Tertullian

Question 45

Person who advocated for recapitulation

Answer 45

Irenaeus

Question 46

Contended with platonist tradition and that human souls are pure spirits prior to birth. Influenced by Hellenism and rejected the inferiority of creation, believing that the physical world is the result of sin

Answer 46

Origen

Question 47

Solitary monk in the desert

Answer 47

Anchorite

Question 48

Monk who lived outside of Alexandria and was a model for the solitary life

Answer 48

Anthony

Question 49

Monk who established an order for daily life that emphasized hierarchical order within the community, devotional life, and moderate poverty. (Communal Monasticism)

Answer 49

Pachomius

Question 50

Those who weakened during persecution, recanted their faith, sacrificed to gods, etc.

Answer 50

Lapsed

Question 51

Theologian from Alexandria who argued that Logos was not coeternal with the Father; the Logos was not God, but the first of all creatures

Answer 51

Arius

Question 52

What word means "of similar but not same substance"?

Answer 52

Homoiousios

Question 53

Who were the Cappadocians?

Answer 53

Basil of Caesarea, Macrina, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory

Question 54

Martyred during persecution of Septimius Severus ("If I live, i will defeat you. If I am killed, I will defeat you all the more")

Answer 54

Perpetua

Question 55

Believed that Christian and Hellenism philosophies were complementary

Answer 55

Justin the Martyr

Question 56

References episcopal collegiality among all churches, identifying the church as universal and WHOLE

Answer 56

Catholic

Question 57

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

Answer 57

To take back the holy land

Question 58

Transubstantiation

Answer 58

In the Sacrament of the Eucharist, this is the name given to the action of changing the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.

Question 59

Filioque

Answer 59

- "and from the Son" (Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and Son) - Accepted in the West and rejected in the East

Question 60

Iconoclast

Answer 60

One who opposes established beliefs, customs, and institutions

Question 61

Simony

Answer 61

The buying and selling of church offices

Question 62

Immaculate Conception of Mary

Answer 62

- Accepted in the West and rejected in the East | - Mary was rescued from Original Sin

Question 63

Role and nature of icons

Answer 63

- Emphasized the saving work of the divine in the temporal world - Served as windows into the heavenlies

Question 64

What is the emphasis of Jesuits?

Answer 64

Social Justice and Education

Question 65

Founder of the Jesuits

Answer 65

Ignatius of Loyola

Question 66

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 66

Jesuit explorer and reformer in the Americas who defended Native Americans. Priest of the Indians.

Question 67

Occma's Razor

Answer 67

One should proceed to simpler theories until simplicity can be traded for greater explanatory power.

Question 68

What did Wycliffe and Huss advocate for?

Answer 68

Priority of Scripture to interpret the church

Question 69

The Papacy was in which 2 cities?

Answer 69

Avignon and Rome

Question 70

Arius/Arianism

Answer 70

son created by the father ; below the father (nature of God) Allegorical interpretation of Scripture; doctrine of the logos (Jesus lesser power than God) Word not coeternal with the father

Question 71

Peter Abelard

Answer 71

- Author of Yes and No - Provided argument for reconciliation based on God's love of humanity - Got in trouble for having an affair with a student

Question 72

Theotokos

Answer 72

"God bearer"; Mother of God

Question 73

Translators of Scripture from Hebrew/Greek to Latin

Answer 73

Jerome and Paula

Question 74

Augustine's Just war theory

Answer 74

A war may be just but it must fulfill certain criteria | Purpose must be just; must be waged by properly instituted authority; motive of love must be central

Question 75

Benedictine rule and canon

Answer 75

According to Canon Law, a Benedictine Abbey is a religious institute and its members are members of the consecrated life

Question 76

Augustine's basic critique of pelagius

Answer 76

free in christ to choose sin or not to sin

Question 77

Benedict and contribution to the church

Answer 77

The Rule

Question 78

Christokos

Answer 78

"Christ-bearer," Mother of the human Jesus

Question 79

Ekklesia

Answer 79

gathering of the church (community)

Question 80

Who wrote Summa Theologica?

Answer 80

Thomas Aquinas

Question 81

4 groups that contributed to Judaism:

Answer 81

- Sadducees - Pharisees - Zealots - 1Essenes

Question 82

Humanity vs. Divinity

Answer 82

* Anyone from Alexandria typically emphasizes the divinity of Jesus * Anyone from Antioch typically emphasizes the humanity of Jesus

Question 83

Irenaeus: recapitulation theory

Answer 83

1st Adam (humanity + sin) and Jesus as the 2nd Adam without sin - redeeming life; *1st Eve (Eve) and 2nd Eve (Mary)

Question 84

Greatest persecution under...

Answer 84

Nero, Diocletian, and Domitian

Question 85

“I’m God’s wheat, ground by teeth of the beast.”

Answer 85

Ignatius of Loyola

Question 86

“Eighty and six years have I served Christ, nor has He ever done me any harm.”

Answer 86

Polycarp

Question 87

Two types of monks

Answer 87

Communal (Cenobitic) and Solitary (Anchorite)

Question 88

What did Augustine study before his conversion?

Answer 88

Rhetoric

Question 89

What are the basic geographic areas of Arab conquest and when did they occur?

Answer 89

North Africa Iberian Peninsula Eastern Europe 600s

Question 90

What does it mean to be a mendicant?

Answer 90

a beggar, committed to poverty

Question 91

What are the two main mendicant orders?

Answer 91

Franciscans and Dominicans

Question 92

What major points were covered in the 4th Lateran Council?

Answer 92

Heresy and Transubstantiation

Question 93

Who wrote Proslogion and "Why did God become human?"

Answer 93

Anselm

Question 94

Most cruel persecution the ancient church endured (4th century emperor)

Answer 94

Diocletian

Question 95

A sect of jews that highly emphasized being faithful to the law, so they studied and debated how the law was to be applied in every situation

Answer 95

Pharisees

Question 96

A more conservative sect of jews that rejected many of the doctrines of the pharisees because they were unwarranted innovations

Answer 96

Sadducees

Question 97

A more aggressive sect of jews noted for their uncompromising position against Pagan Rome and polytheism

Answer 97

Zealots

Question 98

An ascetic sect of jews that sought to obey the law by withdrawing from the rest of society

Answer 98

Essenes

Question 99

"Alexamenos worships his God"

Answer 99

Roman Graffiti

Question 100

"Nothing which is at variance with the tradition of the apostles and of the Church can be accepted as true."

Answer 100

Origen