Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the believed to be the first socio.?

What book did he write? What does he do in it?

A

Ibn Khaldun

Wrote Muqdimma

Examined types of societies and their histories, culture, and economics

Developed systematic approach to studying differ. Types of societies such as tribes, cities, nations, and economics

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2
Q

Who coined the term “sociology”

A

August comte

He referred to it as the “queen of sciences”

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3
Q

Who was the first women socio.?

What’d she focus on?

A

Harriet Martineau

Focused on economics, social, historical/ spheres, and their intersections

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4
Q

What’d Karl Marx do?

A

Worked alongside Fredrick Engels, inspired modern communism

Believed conflict grew from the division of social classes
Believed that conflict between bourgeoise and proletariat would initiate a revolution that would eventually produce an equalitarian society
Argued that capitalist society lead to multiple forms of alienation

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5
Q

What did Max Weber do?

What’d he like to write about?

A

Liked to write about religion

He described how proletarianism and the religion values towards hard work and frugality led to the development of modern capitalism.

His book “The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism” has been the subject of the heated debates throughout the twentieth century. Many disputes his claims about the “origins” of capitalism as being limited to Europe.

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6
Q

Who was George Simmel?

Famous works?

A

He wrote “The Metropolis she metro life”

He looked at how the urban stimuli in a city affected a city dweller.

City dweller was blasé and highly individual, lonely, and atomized, but also free with an explosion of creative individualism

Focused on micro sociology

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7
Q

Micro VS. macro

A

Micro socio.: focuses on the examination of an individual or small group

Macro”: involves an examin. of society as a whole and it’s institutions

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8
Q

Who is C. Wright Mills? And what did he do?

What were the three components sociological imagination was divided into?

A

Coined the term “sociological imagination”

Mills stated that the challenge of socio. Is to make the connection between how society works and how it works in terms of our personal lives

The sociological imagination helps us to understand the connections between the political and the personal. In many ways, these are interlinked.

Socio. Imagination: was a quality of mind, had three components:
Understanding of history
“ of social structure
“ of individual biographies

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9
Q

Where/ when did sociology emerge as an academic interest?

And why?

A

German
France
England

1800’s

It developed as a response to the frantic Sofia changes as a consequence of industrialization.

Population increases and urbanization were major social factors in the rise of sociology as a way of studying the world.

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10
Q

What did Herbert spencer do?

What did he believe in?

A

Many people believe he coined the term “survival of the fittest”, but he actually used the term to justify social inequalities.

Essentially It was his belief that those with wealth and power deserved it’d because they were the fittest members of society

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11
Q

Who was Emile Durkheim?

Which term did he coin?

A

Coined social fact

Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside of any one individual but exert social control over people.

Coined structural functionalism

Uses an organic or biological analogy for society

It identifies the various structures of society (eg, the family), and describes the functions the structure performs to maintain the entire social system.

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12
Q

Who is George Herbert mead?

What term did he pioneer?
Examples of symbolic internationalists?

A

Pioneered “symbolic interactionism” approach

Looked at how the self is constructed through personal exchanges with others.

Looks at the meaning (the symbolic part) of the daily social interception of individuals

Herbert Blumer (coined) 
Erving Goffman
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13
Q

Characteristics of social facts

And examples

A
  1. It was developed prior to and separate from you as an individual
  2. It can be seen as a characteristic of a particular group
  3. It involves a constraining of coercing force that pushes individuals into acting in a particular way

Language
Money economy
Citizenship
Kinship roles

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14
Q

Who coined the term “Symbolic Interaction”?

A

Herbert Blumer

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15
Q

Who is Erving goffman?

What’d he introduce?

Famous work?

A

Introduced the dramaturgical approach to studying social interaction.

“The presentation of the self in everyday life”

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16
Q

Who was WEB DuBois?

A

First black American sociologist of race, economics, and culture

Created charts expressing black excellence

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17
Q

What was the feminist theory?

A

Addresses issues or systematic discrimination against women

Do not need to be a women to be a feminist or to use feminist theory

Harriet martineau was one of the first feminist sociologist

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18
Q

Who was Dorothy smith?

What term did she coin?

A

Feminist sociologist

Developed standpoint theory

Challenged sociology’s preferred objective as opposed to subjective stance in research and writing

Standpoint theory considers specific subject positions and does away with a universal subject

Standpoint theory story lates that even when we argue that a fact is based research and this objective, we need to recognize that all information is developed from the standpoint of the researcher.

Also developed “relations of ruling” which argues that denying the subjective standpoint entrenched that dominance of the ruler over the ruled

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19
Q

Postmodern theory?

A

an approach that attempts to define how society has progressed to an era beyond modernity

Tries to include a diversity of voices, especially those that are often drowned out by powerful voices

Postmodernism rejects all totalitarian discourses and calls to end to the age of Grand Narratives

Postmodernism pays attention to ruptures and fissures — calls into question progress narratives

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20
Q

Why was structural functionalism declining? And when?

A

Around the time, postmodernism was emerging, late 1960’s

It was criticized for being unable to account for social change, or structural conditions and conflict.

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21
Q

Who was Michael Foucault?

What did he practice?

A

Practiced what he called “archeology of knowledge”: a process of digging through historical discourses to see how they may have been distorted along the way — and to study how these distortions have affected us in the present.

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22
Q

Who first developed the department of sociology in Canada? Who influenced him?

A

Carl addington Dawson founded the depart. Of socio. At McGill university

Was influenced by Robert park and the Chicago school the social gospel movement in Canada.

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23
Q

What was the social gospel movement?

A

Developed as an attempt by people trained for the ministry to apply Christian principles of human welfare to the treatment of social, medical, and psychological ills brought by industrialization and unregulated capitalism.

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24
Q

What’s political economy?

A

An interdisciplinary approach involving sociology, political science, economics, law, anthropology, and history.

Political economy looks at the relationship between politics and the economics of the production, distribution and consumption of goods.

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25
Q

Who was Harold Innis?

A

Was a political economist whose work focused on how the availability of staples (eg, furs, cod), shaped the social and economic foundations of Canada.

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26
Q

Who was John porter?

What did he study?

What terms did he coin? Meaning?

A

Studied the differences between the metaphors of cultural integration employed by the us and Canada

Studied Canada’s multiculturalism

Coined vertical mosaic
The situation in which systemic discrimination produces a hierarchy of racial, ethnic, and religious groups.

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27
Q

Who coined “power-knowledge”?

A

Michael Foucault

Power produces knowledge and the fields in which knowledge is created and exercised

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28
Q

What is research methodology?

A

The system of methods a researcher uses to gather data on a particular question

Researchers take a variety of approaches

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29
Q

Who coined the term “Positivism”

Meaning?

A

August comte. He believed that the objective scientific methods used to study the natural sciences could be applied to the social sciences: said sociology was a kind of social physics

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30
Q

Insider vs outsider perspective

What best critical examines a group?

A

When favouring the objective (hard facts) outsider perspective would produce the best research

Critical sociology stresses the unique role of the insider perspective

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31
Q

Quantitative? Qualitative?

A

Quan.: the close examination of social elements that can be measured or counted, and are therefore used to generate statistics

Qual.: the close examination of characteristics that cannot be counted or measured

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32
Q

Examples of qualitative research.

A

Ethnography: groups studied through extensive fieldwork. Involves direct observation

Participant observation: becoming a member of a group to experience the group first hand

Semi- structured interviews: informal, face to faces interviews.

Informants: insider who help the researcher interpret information and behaviour and assist the researcher in becoming accepted by the group

Case studies: a research design that takes as its subject a single case or a few selected examples of social entity. Identified as the best one

Narratives: the stories peoples tell about themselves, their situations, and others around them

Voice: the expressions of someone occupying a particular social location (influenced by gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.)

Content analysis: involves studying a set of cultural artifacts (eg., newspapers, ads, or events) by systematically counting them and then interpreting the themes they reflect

Semiotics: study of signs and signifying practices. It’s the science of signs. Two parts:
A signifier carries meaning
A signified is the meaning that is carried

Discourse analysis: analyzing a conversation, a speech, or written text.

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33
Q

Whos Roland barnes?

What’d he study?

A

A major theorist in semiotics

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34
Q

Difference between texts and fields

A

Texts: court transcripts, newspapers, movie trailers, advertisements

Fields: presentation of things over long periods of time: movies from the early twentieth century, reality tv shows, introductory sociology textbooks, Canadian historical writing

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35
Q

What is genealogy?

Who loved this method?

A

Michael Foucault loved it

A form of discourse analysis that involves tracing the origin and history of modern discourses

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36
Q

Quantitative research examples

A

Statistics: involves the use of numbers to map social practices and beliefs

Operational definitons: transform abstract concepts into ones that are concrete, observable, measurable, and countable.

Variables: a concept of measurable traits or characteristics that can vary change from one person, group, culture, or time to another. Two types:
Independent: presumed to have an effect on another variable.

Dependent: are affected by the independent variable

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37
Q

What is culture?

A

A system involving behaviour, beliefs, knowledge, practices, values, and material such as buildings, tools Mx and sacred items.

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38
Q

Example of culture being used as a instrument of oppression

A

Rape culture

A sociological concept for a setting in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality.

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another conundrum Mx occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

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39
Q

What is authenticity?

A

Factor of contention

Carries ideas of being true to a particular culture

Culture is dynamic. Traditional practices change as a culture changes.

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40
Q

What is cultural appropriation?

Example?

A

An act of taking someone else’s culture without their consent.

Can include aspects of traditional knowledge or cultural expressions, as well as, particular music, dances, cuisine, symbols, ceremonies, etc.

A power imbalance between 2 cultures: taking of culture — rather than — consensual sharing of it. Results in exploitation of one group

Ex. Justin Trudeau dressing up as an Indian person, painted his face BROWN!

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41
Q

Who is Edward said?

What did he develop?

Example of it?

A

Wrote orientalism
Criticized western intellectuals for forming impressions of the Middle East and Central Asia from historical accounts written by the 19th and 20th century scholars.

These ideas perpetuated romanticized notions of eastern cultures and ways of life.

Aladdin is an example of this fetishization

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42
Q

What is Dominant culture?

Canadian Example?

A

The culture that through its political and economic power is able to impose its values, language, and ways of behaving and interpreting behaviour on a given society

English speaking, white, heterosexual., between ages 25-55, etc.

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43
Q

What is subculture?

Examples?

A

A group of people who share a distinctive set for cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some significant way, but are not necessarily opposed to, that of the dominant culture.

Minor cultural differences possessed by certain groups organized around occupations or hobbies, engaged in no significant opposition to the dominant culture

Ex. Lawyers, endurance sprinters, snow globe collectors.

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44
Q

What is counterculture?

Examples?

A

Groups that reject selected elements of the dominant culture
(eg., clothing styles or sexual norms)

Examples: hippies, black panthers, riot Greek, gothic style.

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45
Q

High culture?

Examples?

A

Culture of the elite — things like opera, classical music, ballet, artsy films, alcoholic beverages.

Hugh culture requires a of set of skills and knowledge, cultural capital, which sets the elite apart from the masses.

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46
Q

Who was Pierre bourdieu?

What did he develop?

Example?

A

Developed the notion “cultural capital”

Cultural capi. — refers to the knowledge and skills needed to acquire the sophisticated tastes that mark someone as a person of high culture.

Pretty women dinner etiquette scene, didn’t know how to eat the food of such a standard; snail, started using a fork…

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47
Q

What’s hegemony?

Who coined it?

A

Antonio Gramsci

Hegemony is a set of relatively non-coercive methods of maintaining power used by the dominant class (eg, through the media or educational system)

A system of domination where the dominated consent to be being, often passively or unconsciously.

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48
Q

Who is Jean Baudrillard?

Which did he coin?
Examples?

A

Simulacra was coined
stereotypical cultural images produced and repoduced like material goods or commodities by the media and sometimes by scholars.

Examples: Inuit often represented by simulacra of described practices (eg, rubbing noses, abandoning children, sharing wives, etc), and physical objects (eg, igloos, kayaks, etc).
The figure of “the tourist” wearing a t-shirt of the place they’re visiting or totally occupied with a selfie stick.

Baudrillard describes simulacra as being “hyper real” that is likely to be considered more real than what actually exists or existed.

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49
Q

What’re symbols?

Examples? Material and non material.

A

Symbols are cultural items, either tangible or intangible, that come to take on tremendous meaning within a culture or subculture of a society

Materials: Canadian flag, hijab.

Non material can be songs or events: Canadian anthem, French Revolution.

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50
Q

Ethnocentrism?

Examples?

A

Occurs when someone holds up one culture—usually their own — as being the standard by which all cultures are to be judged

Americans judge asians for using chopsticks to eat their food, where Americans use forks, knives, etc.

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51
Q

Eurocentrism?

Examples?

A

A dominant viewpoint in N.A. It involves addressing others from a broadly defined European position and assuming the audience is or would like to be part of that “we”

Ex. Many Europeans believe that Christopher Columbus founded other continents, however, they have been people livin there for years before “his discovery”

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52
Q

Reverse ethnocentrism?

Examples?

A

Involves assuming that another culture that is not ones own is better in some way

The myth of the noble savage (innately good) is an example

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53
Q

Sociolinguistics?

Examples?

A

The study of a language as a part of a culture

Little woman example— Julia Roberts was replying in a colloquial manner oppose to the way she should’ve in the “fancy dinner scene”
Replied with “yeah, do that”, instead of “yes, please do so”, when she was asked if they should order for her while she’s in the bathroom.

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54
Q

Primary socialization?

Examples?

A

The socialization that occurs during childhood

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55
Q

Secondary socialization

A

Socialization that occurs later in life

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56
Q

Determinism?

A

Refers to the degree to which a persons behaviour, attitudes, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by a specific factor

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57
Q

Biological determinism?

A

States that the greater part of who we are is determined by our roughly 26,000 genes

Ex. If we’re good at sports or math it is cuz we’re somehow genetically disposed to be so.

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58
Q

Social or cultural determinism

A

Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioural levels.

Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural determinist position

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59
Q

Who was Edward throndike?

What’d he do?

A

Developed a law effect, has two parts:

If you do something and it is rewarded, the likelihood of doing it again increases (rewarded behaviour is reinforced)

Ex. Laughing at a kids joke, it’s likely they will tell it again.

If you do something and it is punished or ignored, the likelihood of you doing it again decreases

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60
Q

Whose BF Skinner?

What’d he develop?

Example?

A

Developed radical behaviourism
- creatures including humans could trains to do anything through a system of positive rewards

Pigeon ping pong

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61
Q

Whose sigmund Freud?

What’d he believe?

A

Believed the mind had three parts:

Id: represents our unconscious instinctive drives: Eros (life) and thanatos(death)

Superego: represents our conscience
Develops from the moral messages that our socializing agents present to us

Ego: mediates between the conscious and the unconscious while trying to make sense of what the individual self does and thinks

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62
Q

Agency

A

The capacity to influence what happens in ones life

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63
Q

Agents of socialization? Examples?

A

Groups that have a significant impact on ones socialization

example: family, peers, schools, media, community, legal system, national context, etc.

64
Q

What agents of socialization did George Herbert Mead develop?

A

Significant others: individuals, primarily family and friends, after whom young children imitate and model themselves

Generalized others: the attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society into which the child is socialized

65
Q

What’s meads three stage process of socialization of a child?

A

Preparatory stage: involves in the imitation of others

Play stage: pretend play occursX the child engages in role taking. Allows the child to be able to imagine the role of their character would be doing

Game stage: the child is able to simultaneously perceive several roles. Example; baseball — pitcher, batter, fielder, catcher behind batter.

66
Q

Whose Charles Cooley?

What’d he develop?

A

Introduced the concept of the looking glass self

  • how you imagine yourself
  • how you imagine those others judge your appearance
  • how you feel as a result
67
Q

Peer group? Peer pressure?

A

Defined as a social group that shares key social characteristics such as age, social position, and common interests

Peer pressure: refers to the social force exerted on an individual by his or her peers to conform to behaviour, appearance, or externally demonstrated values.

68
Q

Habitus?

Who coined it?

A

Wide ranging set of socially acquired characteristics (definitions of manners and tastes, leisure pursuits, ways of talking, ways of gesturing).

Ex. When someone’s watching Netflix, you don’t really learn much about that person

Ex. Pretty woman — Julia Roberts has a certain speaking vocabulary, dressing style.

Pierre Bourdieu

69
Q

Social reproduction?

Who coined?

A

Pierre Bourdieu

The means by which classes, particularly the upper or dominant classes preserve social differences between classes

Ex. People alerting snickers chocolate with a fork and knife, bagel with fork and knife, m&m’s with spoon, etc.

70
Q

Resocialization?

Examples?

A

The process of unlearning old ways and learning new ways upon moving into a significantly different social environment

Voluntary resocialization occurs when someone starts school, changes schools, starts new job, retires, undergoes religious conversion, etc.
This type of resocialization can be marked by a rite of passage, a ritual or ceremony signaling a change of status

Involuntary resocialization occurs when someone’s forced to change. 
Total institutions (Goffman) resocialize by regulating all aspects of a persons life (eg, residential schools, military, prison)
On process used in total instutions is degradation ceremony 
A rite of passage where a persons identity is stripped away (eg, in prison, a persons name is replaced with a number)
71
Q

Social distance?

Who coined?

A

The distance between individuals or groups of individuals in spaces of social life. Micro sociology

George simmel

72
Q

Operational definitions?

Examples?

Quan or qual?

A

Quan: Statistical analysis

Transfer information into measurable forms.

Ex. Poverty measurement, severity of poverty, etc.

73
Q

Dramaturgical approach?

Ex?

Who coined?

A

Goffman

Sociological research that utilizes the methodology of life taking place on a stage with a front stage for public display and a back stage for personal encounters

Prof. Lindsey plays our a role as our prof front stage, but back stage, she is preparing for lecture

74
Q

Impression management?

Ex?

Coined?

A

Tactics people employ when presenting themselves publicly

Ex. If a person is going for a jog and they trip, they might end up changing to do push-ups to avoid embarrassment.

Done to avoid embarrassment or embarrassing others

75
Q

Social status?

Ex?

A

Is a recognized social position that a person occupies

Ex. Professor, student, friend, lover, teammate

76
Q

Status set?

Ex?

A

The number of statuses people have

77
Q

Achieved status versus ascribed status

A

Achieved - a status you were not born into but entered at some stage in your life, such as professor, lawyer, flutist, etc.

Ascribed - a status you were born into such as “female”, “male”, “daughter”, “son”

78
Q

Master status?

Coined?

Ex?

A

Everett C. Hughes

Signifies the status that dominates all other statuses and plays the greatest role in the formation of social identity

Signifies the status you’re in most of the time

79
Q

Social roles?

Ex?

A

A role is a set of behaviours and attitudes that are associated with a particular status

80
Q

Role set?

Coined?

Ex?

A

Robert Merton

Refers to all the roles attached to a particular status

Ex. Professors play many roles such as teachers, colleagues, employees, and writers/ researchers.

81
Q

Role strain?

Ex?

A

Occurs when there is a conflict between roles within role set of a particular status.

Ex. As a friend you may wish to be supportive, but you also might not want to support a friend if they are doing something harmful, such as dating someone abusive or helping them cheat on an exam.

82
Q

Role exit?

Ex?

A

The process of disengaging from a role that has been central to ones identity and attempting to establish a new role.

83
Q

Social organization?

A

Involves the social and cultural principles around which things are structured, ordered, and categorized.

Social instutions such as family, law, religion, economy, are organized in particular ways that evolved historically.

84
Q

Red tape or bureaucracy?

A

Used to refer to the slow procedures associated with and acquiring and dispensing information.

85
Q

Disenchantment?

A

Weber uses this concept to describe the character of modernized, bureaucratic, secularized, western society, where scientific understanding is more highly valued than belief, and where processes are oriented toward rational goals, as opposed to traditional society.

86
Q

Formal rationalization elements?

A

Efficiency
Quantification
Predictability
Control

87
Q

Fordism?

A

Increased wages, so that his workers could buy his cars. Therefore, the money going straight back into his cars.

Circulation of capital

88
Q

Mcdonaldization?

Coined?

A

George ritzer

Describes the process by which the rationalizing principles of the fast food restaurant at coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as rest of the world.

89
Q

Organizational change?

Examples?

A

The foundational principle and forms of organizations have a profound effect on society and individuals so they must be critically examined and questioned.

Produces social order
It’s a social cohesion and how the organizations and systems are held together

Social control is the overt and covert coercion used to ensure that norms and values are obeyed and supported
Patriarchy, racism, heterosexism, and classism can be woven into the structural fabri of organizations and these in turn reproduce social oppression.

90
Q

what is deviance?

example?

A

• Deviance is a behaviour that strays from the norm
• Deviant just means different from the norm, the usual. for example; punks in la, caramel curves women’s motorcycle club
Deviant does not mean bad, wrong, perverted, sick, or inferior in any way
• Deviant is a category that changes with time, place, and culture
• Deviance is about relative quantity not quality
• Definitions of deviance often reflect power

91
Q

Overt characteristics of deviance?

examples?

A

Overt characteristics: the actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the cultural norm
• Exs: breaking into a car or wearing your bra on the outside of your clothing as Madonna did in 1990.

92
Q

covert characteristics of deviance?

examples?

A

Covert characteristics: the unstated qualities that might make a group a target for sanctions
• For example: age, ethnic background, and gender

93
Q

social constructionism? ex?

A

proposes that elements of social life—including deviance, as well as gender, race, and other elements—are not natural but are established or created by society or culture.
• Ex. It is quite common for heterosexual adult men to hold hands and walk down the street with each other in Argentina. In Canada this practice would likely be assumed to be the practice of lovers.

94
Q

Essentialism? ex?

A

is the view that every group is made up of certain traits that have been carried down from the past to the present with little or no change.

• Exs. “women are just more caring” and “boys will be boys” argument.

95
Q

Stigma?
who coined?
what r the three types?

A

a human attribute that is seen to discredit an individual’s social identity

Irving Goffman

Bodily stigma: physical deformities
• Moral stigma: blemishes of individual character
• Tribal stigma: transmitted through group association

96
Q

The other?

A

an image conjured up by the dominant culture within a
society or by a colonizing nation of the colonized
• the way the dominant group describes another group as being different and in some way inferior
• Images of ‘the other’ are not easy to erase.

97
Q

racializing deviance? ex?

A

is to link particular ethnic groups with certain forms of deviance, and to treat these groups differently because of that connection.
• Explicitly, Canada promotes multiculturalism; there are policies and practices which respect cultural differences.
• However, implicitly, there is pressure to assimilate, or to adopt the practices of the dominant culture

98
Q

Racial Profiling?

A

actions undertaken supposedly for reasons of safety, security, or public protection, based on racial stereotypes, rather than on reasonable suspicion.

99
Q

Moral Entrepreneur?

how are they in conflict?

A

a group or an individual that tries to convince others of the existence of a particular social problem that they identify and define

Moral entrepreneurs can be on opposite sides of social issues: Pro-life and Pro-choice / the gun or anti-gun lobbies.

100
Q

Gender and deviance?

A

Feminists have taught us that in a patriarchal (male dominated) society the concept of “male” is normal, and the concept of female is seen as inherently deviant.
• Male values are normalized, or made to seem normal, right, or good, through customs, laws, and cultural production.

101
Q

Misogyny?

A

literally means hating women

In a patriarchal or male dominated society the images of women are constructed in ways that contain and reflect misogyny.

102
Q

patriarchal construct? ex?

A

refers to social structures that favour males over females

(e.g., many well paying jobs are dominated by males).

103
Q

example of negative femininity?

A

The figure of the witch is often closely bound with a kind of negative femininity.

104
Q

Class and deviance?

A

Poverty can be considered a covert characteristic of deviance.

Marginally illicit activities like overindulgence in alcohol are more likely to be considered deviant in poor people than in middle class or wealthy people

105
Q

class and crime?

what are the reasons for higher crime rates?

A

The lower class is over-represented in the statistics on criminal convictions and admissions to prison.
• Reasons for higher crime rates include:
• A lack of social resources (knowledge of the law and
the ability to pay for a lawyer)
• A lack of skill at impression management (how one presents oneself to those with power)
—— remember Goffman!

106
Q

White Collar Crime?

who introduced it?

types of white collar crime? and ex. of each!

A

White collar crime is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation.

The concept of white collar crime was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in 1949 at a meeting of the American Sociological Society.

two types:

Occupation crimes: benefit the individual at the
expense of other individuals who work for the company
ex. Sexual harassment Embezzlement
Pilfering

• Corporate crimes: benefit the corporation and its executives at the expense of other companies and the general public
ex. Industrial accidents
Pollution
Price-fixing

107
Q

Sexual Orientation and Deviance?

A

Gay folks are sometimes labeled as deviant, although to a lesser degree and extent in many nations across the globe, including Canada.
• Gay marriage has been legal in Canada since 2005.
• Still a heteronormative bias exists in culture.

108
Q

Disability?

A

ia also a considered deviant

  • People with disabilities also suffer negative sanctions.Society often punishes disability by not accommodating differences in physical ability
  • The politics of disability involves respecting difference
109
Q

Crip Theory?

A

Combines disability studies and queer theory to show how bodies, pleasures, and identities are represented as “normal” or as “deviant”.
• Intersectional approach that brings together queer theory and disability studies.

110
Q

Social Inequality? ex?

A

the long-term existence of significant differences in access to goods, services, and opportunities among social groups (e.g., class, ethnicity, gender).
• Examples: old boys club, food deserts, racial discrimination.

111
Q

reasons for possible social inequality?

A

Keep in mind that the reasons for social inequality are complicated and are the function of many different factors, including: classism, racism, ethnocentrism, and sexism.

112
Q

intersectionality?

coined?

A

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class and gender as they apply to a given individual or group creating overlapping and independent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Kimberle Williams Crenshaw

113
Q

Class and Social
Stratification?

what was he main term used to talk about social inequality?
who helped describe this term, and what did they say?

A

The main term used to talk about social inequality is class.

Karl Marx (1988) described class as being relational in that it reflects one’s relation to the means of production.

Marx referred to the owners of production as the bourgeoisie.
The workers were referred to as the proletariat.

114
Q

Capital?

A

the money needed to build factories, purchase raw materials, and pay labourers to turn those raw materials into manufactured products.

After industrialization the means of production became capital.

115
Q

what were the Sub-classes? who identified sub classes in their work, and HOW were they described?

A

Marx identified other sub-classes in his work: • Petty bourgeoisie: made up of the small
business owners
• Lumpenproletariat: small-time criminals, beggars, unemployed

116
Q

how was class a social identity?

A

There is a sense of common purpose among members of a class.

Part of this is class consciousness: an awareness of what is in the best interests of one’s class.

117
Q

what did Marx feel about the upper class and Class Consciousness?

A
Marx felt that the upper class had class consciousness and produced laws/regulations that benefitted their class.
• The working class did not (yet) have this awareness.
• Hence, Marx + Engel’s appeal: “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.”
118
Q

False Consciousness?

who believed in the workers having this?

A

False consciousness: the idea that something is in one’s best interests when in fact it is not

• Marx believed that the workers had false consciousness.

119
Q

what three elements did Max Weber stress in the development of separate economic classes:

A
  1. wealth 2. prestige 3. power

These elements contribute to social inquality.

120
Q

Prestige?

ex?

A

The degree of respect with which individuals, their socially appropriate possessions, and their master statuses are viewed by the majority of people in society.
• Prestige can be turned into various forms of social power.
Ex. Jay-Z & Beyonce

121
Q

class system in Canada?

A

Dominant capitalist class: composed of those who own or control large scale production

  • Middle class: small business people, educated professional, technical, or administrative personnel, and various wage earners with some form of credentials
  • Working class: made up of people who lack resources or capacities apart from their own labour
122
Q

Class distinctions in sport?

A
One of the places you can see class distinction is through sport.
• Sport offers people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds opportunities to achieve financial rewards and social mobility.
123
Q

Ideology?

A

Ideology is a relatively coherent set of interrelated beliefs about society and the people in it.

124
Q

Dominant Ideology?

ex?

A

Dominant ideology is that set of beliefs put forward by, and supportive of, the dominant culture and/or classes in a society
• An example would be trickle-down theory: If you allow the rich to create more wealth, some of that wealth is going to trickle down to the workers making everyone better off

125
Q

Liberal Ideology? ex?

A

Liberal ideology focuses on the individual as a more or less independent player on the sociological scene.
• It reflects a belief in social mobility and the ability of one to realize the American dream.
• Success or failure rests solely with the individual and may result, in the case of failure, in blaming the victim.

126
Q

Neo-liberalism?

A

Neo-liberalism refers to the resurgence of 19th century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism, including: policies such as privatization, deregulation, free trade, and reductions in government spending in order to enhance the role of the private sector in the economy.

127
Q

Counter Ideology

A

offers a critique of a dominant ideology and challenges the justice and applicability of the dominant ideology

128
Q

Hegemony?

coined?

A

Hegemony (as described by Antonio Gramsci) is a set of relatively non-coercive methods of maintaining power used by the dominant class (e.g., through the media or educational system).

129
Q

Structure of Feeling?

coined?

A

Structure of feeling refers to the different ways of thinking vying to emerge at any one time in history.

It appears in the gap between the official discourse of policy and regulations and the popular response to office discourses in literary and other cultural texts.

Raymond williams

Williams uses the term ‘feeling’ rather than thought to signal that what is at stake may not yet be articulated in a fully worked-out form.

130
Q

Social Inequality and

Education?

A

Post-secondary education is a major avenue for social mobility
• If post-secondary education becomes too expensive for low-income families, then avenues for upward mobility are blocked

131
Q

how did the term ‘race’ originate?

A

first applied to humans 16th-17th centuries in the context of European colonial expansion.

is a product of eurocentrism

132
Q

Racialization?

which minority is often radicalized the most in N.A?

A

It is the process in which people are viewed and judged as essentially different in terms of their intellect, their morality, their values, and their worth because of differences of physical type or cultural heritage.

The racialization of North America’s Indigenous population began in the 16th century in Europe with the discussion of whether or not Indigenous people were human and had souls.

Canada’s First Nations population have been racialized.
• Non-native people have lived in Canada for only 3.3% of its history yet First Nations’ histories are largely ignored.
• Indigenous people tend to be studied from the perspective of social problems.

133
Q

Native status?

A

Legal differences in status come from the Indian Act (1876) and are administered by the federal Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
• The main designations are: Registered Indian, Bill C-31 Indian, Band member, Reserve resident, Treaty Indian, Métis, and Inuit

134
Q

Chinese head tax?

A

The Chinese head tax was a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885. It was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

135
Q

indo Canadians?

A
  • Most of the first South Asians to come to Canada were Sikhs who had been given special status by the British as soldiers and police serving imperial purposes throughout the world.
  • The first Indo-Canadians arrived in Canada in 1898 as British- Indian soldiers on their way to Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee with immigrants following shortly after.
  • Indo- Canadian men immigrated without women because the immigration of Indian women and children was not allowed to – in order to discourage settlement. Women and children were routinely denied entry until 1947 when Asian Canadians got the right to vote.
  • -Also, Indian men worked in the lumber industry because Indians were not allowed to work any jobs other than labour jobs until 1947. Even then, an Indian man had to petition to allowed to become a bus driver as late as the 1950s.
  • -The biggest issue in terms of discrimination and Indo- Canadian immigration is that Indians were British citizens coming to a British Canada and should have been automatically allowed entry. Canada didn’t want to do this but could not overtly discriminate as this would have hurt colonial relations between Britain and India. So they made a few attempts to covertly discourage Indian immigration (through not allowing women and children, and by Continuous Journey Legislation and even attempting to relocate all Indians to British Honduras
136
Q

Japanese internment camps?

A

In 1942, Japanese Canadian Internment occurred when over 22,000 Japanese Canadians from British Columbia were evacuated and interned in the name of ‘national security’.

137
Q

four elements of racism

A
  1. Racialization: the construction of certain groups of people as biologically superior or inferior
  2. Prejudice: the pre-judgment of others on the basis of their group membership
  3. Discrimination: includes acts by which individuals are treated differently—rewarded or punished—based on their group membership
  4. Power: manifested where institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more groups over others
138
Q

types of racism

A

Racial bigotry: open, conscious expression of racist views by an individual
• Institutional or systemic racism: racist practices, rules, and laws that have become part of the system
• Microaggressions: brief everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group or perceived group membership

139
Q

microaggressions?
coined?
who was this concept aimed at?

A

Microaggressions: brief everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group or perceived group membership

The term was coined by the psychiatrist Chester Pierce in 1970.

Pierce applied his concept of microaggressions to describe the insults and slights that he witnessed were regularly aimed at African-Americans.
• In 1973 the economist Mary Rowe extended the term to apply to similar aggressions directed at women.

Today the concept is used to encompass the casual degradation of any socially marginalized group.

Microaggressions can be felt by folks across classes—by a college student, a working professional, even the leader of a large nation-state.

140
Q

intersectionality?

coined?

A

People who are marginalized in multiple ways experience microaggressions rooted in multiple forms of marginalization.
• Remember that the term “intersectionality” was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw.

141
Q

ethnicity?

A

An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation. Ethnicity is usually an inherited status based on the society in which one lives.
• Everyone belongs to at least one ethnic group
• Understanding ethnicity is not just a matter of collecting ethnic traits such as language, food, clothing, etc.

142
Q

Colonialism?

internal colonialism?

A

Colonialism: the economic and political exploitation of a country or people by another country or people by the use of force
• Internal colonialism: colonialism of one people by another within a single country

143
Q

post colonialism?

A

Anti-colonialism, or post-colonialism, is a theoretical framework that analyzes the destructive impact of colonialism on both the colonizer and the colonized.

144
Q

franz Fanon?

what did he mainly study?

A

Anti-colonial theorist, medical doctor, psychiatrist.

• Much of his work deals with the psychological and sociological effects of colonization.

145
Q

social constructivism?

A

examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.

Social constructivism views ethnicity as constructed by individuals for varying social purposes.

146
Q

‘double consciousness’?

coined?

A

Du Bois argued that black Americans have a ‘double consciousness’ both black and American which could prevent the formation of a unified sense of self.

147
Q

sex?

gender?

A

Sex refers to the biological designation between male and female.

Gender is a state of mind and an embodied attitude.
• — It is a site of power, pleasure, and subtle coercion.
• — Gender is often used to discipline our thoughts and bodily affects.

148
Q

Cisgender?

A

Denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity conforms with the gender that corresponds to their biological sex; not transgender.

149
Q

Transgender

A

An umbrella term that includes people whose gender identity is different than their assigned sex (transmen and transwomen); people who are not exclusively masculine or feminine; people who are genderqueer, bigender, pangender, genderfluid, or agender.

150
Q

sexuality?

A

Sexuality refers to feelings of sexual desire and attraction. • like gender, sexuality can be fluid and change over time
Neither your biological sex or your gender determines your sexuality.

151
Q

Queer Theory

A

Queer theory rejects the idea that male and female genders are natural binary opposites.
• Queer theory rejects the idea that gender identity is connected to some biological essence.

152
Q

They?

A

Many gender non-conforming folks have taken to using the pronouns they, theirs, and them.

153
Q

two spirit people?

A

Some North American Indigenous peoples have a more nuanced and expansive view of gender variability both historically and contemporarily.
• One example is the two-spirit identity. These folks are not seen as abnormal by their communities, but rather part of a third gender.

154
Q

Anne Fausto-Sterling?

what’d she argue?

A

• Fausto-Sterling argued that there should be at least 5 sexes

According to Fausto-Sterling, the categories ‘male’ and ‘female’ form the extremes of a biological continuum that
features many types of intersex conditions.

155
Q

Anne Fausto-Sterling, three intersexes?

A

Herms (true hermaphrodite)
• Merms (male pseudohermaphrodite)
• Ferms (female pseudohermaphrodite)

156
Q

Queer?

A

Queer is an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities who are not heterosexual or cisgender. Originally meaning “strange” or “peculiar”, queer came to be used pejoratively against those with same-sex desires or relationships in the late 19th century

157
Q

Sexualities?

hetero 
homo
bi
pan
asex
A

Heterosexuality: sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex. (straight)
• Homosexuality: sexually attracted to people of one’s own sex.
• Bisexual: sexually attracted people of one own sex and another.
• Pansexual: the sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity.
• Asexual: without sexual feelings or associations