Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Normal > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Artifacts that help

A

Shadowing

Acoustic enhancement - gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aorta proximal size normal

A

2.5 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomical structures seen in aorta sonographic veal

A

Right crus

GE junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal congenital variations of aorta / vessels

A 
3 renal arteries 
CHA off SMA
right hepatic artery off SMA
left hepatic artery from left gastric 
Transposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aorta distal normal

A

1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Distal aorta must be under

A

3 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ivc size range

A

2.5cm not over 3.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What artery is posterior to ivc

A

Right renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What vein is anterior to aorta

A

Left renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal IVC variations

A
  1. Multiple veins
  2. Left renal vein travelling posterior to aorta (normally anterior)
  3. Double ivc
  4. Ivc on left
  5. Part of ivc missing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Split image artifact

A

Seen only in transverse plane
Aorta x2
Linea Alba, rectus abdominus (sound refracted at muscle fat interface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mirror image artifact

A

Second thin echogenic line superior to diaphragm

Liver tissue seen on opposite side of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Speculation reflector

A

IVC/vessel walls

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diaphragm normal variants

A

Diaphragmatic slips: muscular insertions look like masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common iliacs normal

A

0.8-1.0 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ivc and aorta relationship

A

Aorta posterior to ivc superiorly, goes anterior at level of renals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What renal artery is longer

A

Right renal artery longer than left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What renal vein anterior to aorta

A

Left renal vein anterior to aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What anatomical structures are seen in aorta

A

GE junction - superior to celiac trunk and Right crus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aorta normal variants

A
  1. Left hepatic off left gastric
  2. Common hepatic off SMA
  3. Right hepatic off SMA
  4. Three renal arteries (2 right)
  5. Transposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Main tributaries of IVC

A 
Inferior phrenic
Hepatic veins
Renal veins
gonadal (right)
Lumbar 
Common iliac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ivc normal size

A

2.5 cm, not over 3.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What stimulates acini cells (exo) to produce digestive enzymes

A

Cholecysto
Gastrin
Acetyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Echogenicity of panc

  • compared to liver
  • how it changes with age
  • what about uncinate
A

Same or brighter
Gets brighter
Uncinate is darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Panc echotexture
Homogenous most common but can have moddled appearance (hereto)
26
Helpful scanning techniques for panc
``` Compression Shallow breathing Small breath and hold Stomach out Pt sit / stand Drink water Try diff window ```
27
Duct of wirsung size
3mm or less
28
Dorsal (cranial) panc
Body/tail
29
Ventral (caudal) panc
Head/uncinate
30
Panc normal variants including head of panc
1. Panc divism 2. Agenesis 3. Annular panc 4. Cysts 5. Two buds 6.ectopic 7. Duplication panc tail Head: 6. Pseudo masses 7. Bulges extend to right of GDA
31
Panc lab tests
serum Amylase Lipase Glucose Urine Amylase Alk
32
Lab values for aorta
Hematocrit % of a RBC to whole blood
33
Aorta tributaries sup to inf
``` Inferiornphrenic Celiac trunk SMA Renals IMA Gonadal Common iliac ```
34
Liver size
13-17 cm
35
Echogenecity and texture
Homogenous Hyper or iso to kidneys Hypo to spleen Porta hepatis is echogenic
36
What surrounds the portal hepatis
Hepatoduodenal ligament
37
Describe the divisions Main lobar fissure Right intersegmental fissure Left intersegmental fissure
Main lobar: divides liver into left and right lobes. Fissure for middle hepatic vein and main portal vein. Continuous with IVC and GB on posterior/visceral surface Right intersegmental: divides liver into right anterior and right posterior. Fissure for right hepatic vein Left intersegmental: divides liver into medial left and lateral left. Fissure for falsiform ligament and ligamentum teres and left hepatic vein. Continuous with ligamentum vinosum on posterior surface
38
Liver is encapsulated by
Glissons capsule
39
Falsiform ligament
Attaches liver to anterior abdo wall | Runs in left intersegmental fissure
40
Round ligament
Free edge of the falsiform ligament | Divides left lobe of liver into medial and lateral
41
Ligamentum vinosum
On posterior/superior visceral surface | Divides caudate lobe from left lobe of liver
42
Gastroduodenal ligament
Connects lesser curvature of stomach to liver
43
Coronary ligament
Superior border of liver from peritoneum Connects posterior liver to diaphragm Converges posterolaterally to Fort triangular ligaments
44
Triangular ligaments
Connects liver to body wall
45
What are all the structures that separate left lobe into medial/lateral
``` Left hepatic vein Ascending branch or left portal vein Left intersegmental fissure Falsiform ligament Ligamentum teres ```
46
Couinads segments each has its own:
- blood supply - lymphatics - biliary drainage
47
Bare area
Retro Posterior/superior surface Direct contact with diaphragm - place where infection can spread to thorax if fluid in this area
48
Liver function
- Detox - Recycle iron - Stores vitamin A, B12, D - Production of plasma proteins & hematopoiesis in fetal life
49
Liver cells and functions
1. Hepatocytes - detox, form bile (0.5 pint a day) 2. Kupfter - immunity (found in slpeen) 3. Biliary epithelial - lines biliary ducts
50
Portal veins
- nutrient rich - supplies 50% O2 required despite being poorly oxygenated - provides 70-80% of blood supply
51
Hepatic arteries
- accompany PVs - not well seen with US - 20-30% livers blood supply - provide O2 to liver
52
Portal triad
1. Portal vein 2. Hepatic arteries 3. Hepatic ducts
53
What is at the porta hepatis
1. Main portal vein 2. Proper hepatic artery 3. CBD
54
CBD is what to MPV, | Proper HA is what to MPV
CBD is anterior-lateral to MPV | Proper HA is anteromedial to MPV
55
Liver normal variants
1. Reidel’s lobe 2. Distal papillary process of caudate 3. Elongated left lobe
56
Two muscles that border the anterior abdo wall
Rectus abdominus | Obliques
57
What artifact does the linea alba create
Split image
58
What organs/vessels in the epigastrix region
IVC stomach Left lobe NOT the right lobe
59
Right crura is a hyper or hypo echoic band
Hypo
60
What artifact can the diaphragm create when scanning liver
Mirror image
61
Vessel walls
Tunica interna - endothelium Tunica media - muscle Tunica externa - connective tissue
62
True or false : aorta bifurcated more superiorly than IVC
TRue
63
True or false - vessel walls can act as specular reflectors
True
64
What part of panc can appear hypoechoic compared to the rest
Uncinate process
65
What vessel is seen at sag panc neck
SMV
66
The panc head is located more _____ than body and tail
Inferior
67
Gallbladder wall should measure less than
3mm | 3 is not good
68
What is a normal variant of the CBD
CBD seen posterior to hepatic artery
69
What ligament divides liver into lateral and medial portions inferiority
Ligament teres
70
2 challenges when scanning GB
1. Reverberation | 2. Colon/duodenum shadowing structures (gas)
71
True or false : coronary ligament not routinely seen on US
False
72
What two lobes of liver does the ligamentum vinosum divide
Caudate and left lobe
73
True or false | The ascending portion of the left portal vein is considered intersegmental
True
74
True/false | The liver has a low incidence of infarct due to its dual blood
True
75
What is the best imaging modality for the biliary system
Ultrasound !
76
Hartman’s pouch
Neck of GB
77
GB location
Posterior aspect of liver
78
3 layers GB
Fibrous outer Smooth muscle Mucous membrane
79
What part of the GB is most anterior and inferior
Fundus
80
Landmark for GB
Main lobar fissure Right kidney RUQ Trans liver portal vein *
81
Valves of heister are found where
Cystic duct | Mucosal folds that prevent ducts from collapsing
82
What stimulates the GB to contract
CCK | secretin
83
Clinical indications for GB
- Pain after eating (post prandial) - RUQ pain - Bilirubin indicating blockage - Jaundice - Positive Murphys (push directly on GB)
84
When measuring GB wall
In trans, anterior aspect
85
In supine, you would expect to see the fundus of the GB more _____
Supine fundus superior
86
In decub, you would expect to see the fundus of the GB more _____
Decub fundus inferior
87
What are the windows for scanning GB
Same as liver Subcostal Intercostal
88
Challenges when scanning GB
- Reverberation in near field | - Shadowing due to gas from duo and colon
89
Normal size for GB
GB in trans, <4 cm
90
GB wall size
Must be less than 3 mm
91
How do you tell if an artifact is real
Change patient position - it will be gravity dependent
92
How do you clear up an image if GB isn’t anechoic
- THI harmonics - Change window - Breath in
93
What is the normal size for CHD/CBD
< 7mm
94
Sonographic technique for imaging CBD/CHD
Long axis view at the porta hepatis | Measure CBD in long axis, AP measurement adjacent to HA
95
GB normal variants and commonly seen
Common - Phrygian cap - Junctional fold - Hartmann’s pouch Normal variants: Sepatate GB Duplication
96
Not faster GB
Not distended Thick walls Linen can have a few echoes
97
What is a landmark for panc neck
SMV
98
GB Anomalies
Intrahepatic - very rare Ectopic Agenesis - rare Torsion
99
Most common panc variant
Panc divisum

Normal (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions