Midterm Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 domains of development?
A
Biological, socioemotional, and cognitive
2
Q
What is developmental invariance and an example?
A
- A pattern of development in which a skill reaches adult competence early in life and remains stable thereafter
- Example: Vision
3
Q
What are the four periods of development and their age ranges?
A
- Prenatal: conception to birth
- Infancy: birth to 18 months
- Early childhood: 18 months to 5 yrs
- Middle/late childhood: 6-11 yrs
4
Q
What is the most important aspect of each of the four periods of development?
A
- Prenatal: Single cell grows into an organism
- Infancy: Rapid motor/perceptual development + extreme dependence on adults
- Early childhood: Rapid language development + increasing self-sufficiency
- Middle/late childhood: Extensive cognitive and social development + formal schooling
5
Q
What does tabula rasa mean?
A
- Blank slate
* Children are born “blank” and must be filled with good
6
Q
What is the natural unfolding theory about children?
A
Children are blossoming flowers on a trajectory that should not be disturbed by adults
7
Q
True or false: One theory about children is that they are tempted by evil and must be taught to resist temptation
A
True
8
Q
True or false: One theory about children is that they are both competent and vulnerable
A
True
9
Q
What is a cohort effect?
A
An effect due to a person’s birth, era, or generation
10
Q
What is DAP?
A
- Developmentally Appropriate Practice
- Plan the educational environment and experiences based on child development theories and research
- Each child is unique and develops at their own pace
- Social and cultural contexts influence development and learning
11
Q
What are some DAP teaching strategies?
A
- Provide age-appropriate and culturally appropriate materials
- Place materials and equipment at children’s height (chairs, bookshelves, etc.)
- Use individual assessments to evaluate children’s needs and strengths
- Frequently change materials and equipment to reflect children’s interests and needs
12
Q
What are the orders of Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?
A
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs role confusion
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Integrity vs despair
13
Q
What ages align with the stages in Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
A
- Trust vs mistrust: infant
- Autonomy vs shame/doubt: toddler
- Initiative vs guilt: pre schooler
- Industry vs inferiority: grade schooler
- Identity vs role confusion: teenager
- Rest are likely irrelevant
14
Q
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
A
- Sensorimotor- repeat pleasurable actions, experiment, understand cause and effect, object permanence, symbols
- Preopoerational: symbolic play, manipulate symbols, egocentric
- Concrete Operational- logical reasoning, can classify objects and consider relationships, understands reversibility, less egocentric, conservation
- Formal Operational- systematically problem solve, hypothetical deductive reasoning, abstract thinking
15
Q
Who contributed the ideas of assimilation and accommodation?
A
Piaget
16
Q
What theory did Vygotsky create?
A
Sociocultural cognitive theory
17
Q
Who believed that culture and social interaction guide development?
A
Vygotsky
18
Q
Who contributed the idea of the zone of proximal development?
A
Vygotsky
19
Q
What are the parts of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory?
A
- Microsystem: Family, siblings, peers, school, work
- Mesosystem: interaction of any two microsystems
- Exosystem: extended family, neighborhoods, mass media, parent’s work environment
- Macrosystem: Economic and political system, dominant beliefs and ideologies
- Chronosystem: Dimension of time
20
Q
What are some advantages and disadvantages of laboratory observations?
A
- Advantage: Controlled setting, access to sophisticated equipment
- Disadvantage: Observed behavior may not be natural behavior, less representative participant pool, impossible to study certain contexts
21
Q
What are some advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observations?
A
- Advantage: Authentic behavior in natural environment
* Disadvantage: Can be disruptive, confounding variables
22
Q
What is the Hawthorne effect?
A
the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed
23
Q
What is the difference between correlational and experimental?
A
- Correlational: Naturally occurring groups, describes the strength of a relationship between 2 or more events/characteristics
- Experimental: Participants randomly assigned to groups, demonstrate cause and effects, independent variables –> dependent variables
24
Q
What is the difference between cross-sectional vs. longitudinal?
A
- Cross-sectional: Individuals of different ages are compared at one time (Faster/cheaper, no info about how individuals change, no info about stability/instability of characteristics, can confuse age changes and cohort changes)
- Longitudinal: Same individuals followed over time (information about stability and change, time-consuming and expensive, attrition)
25
What are 3 common research challenges?
Ethical concerns, minimizing bias, and age
26
What is the role of the placenta?
Provides fetus with oxygen and nutrients; filters out bacteria, maternal water, hormones
27
What are the stages of development (birth wise)?
* Preconception
* Sperm and egg unite and implant (1st trimester)
* Embryonic development *1st trimester)
* Fetal development (second and third trimesters)
28
When are risks from toxic agents most effective?
* The first two weeks of pregnancy toxic agents are low
* First trimester toxic agents can cause major structural abnormalities
* Second and third trimester toxic agents can cause physiological defects and minor structural abnormalities
29
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration
30
What are three benefits of skin-to-skin contact after birth?
* Helps stabilize preterm newborn's heartbeat temp, and breathing
* Helps with weight gain
* Decreases mortality
31
What is synaptogenesis?
New synapses (connections between neurons) occur, based on infant's experiences
32
What is synaptic pruning?
* Unused pathways are eliminated; frequently used pathways are kept
* Makes your brain more efficient
33
What is lateralization?
*Specialization of certain functions or processes to one hemisphere of the brain (language on the left)
34
True or false: 90% of a child's brain development happens before age 5
True
35
What does the frontal lobe do?
Handles all thought and voluntary behavior memory, goal formation, abstract thinking, planning and impulse control
36
What is the purpose of development theories?
Useful tools for understanding and predicting developmental processes given a set of circumstances
37
What is a confounding variable? Give an example
* An outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent or independent variable
* Ex: If you are researching whether lack of exercise has an effect on weight gain, the lack of exercise is the independent variable and weight gain the independent variable. A confounding variable would be any other influence that has an effect on weight gain such as food intake.
38
What is a case study?
* Intensive, in-depth study about a single person (or a group of people, like a classroom or family)
* Often used to examine unique conditions
* Uusually naturalistic observartion
* Not generalizable
* Example: Piaget's observations of his kids, Erikson's observeration of Gandhi, examination of a teacher's practices during a particular course unit
39
What is a case study?
* Intensive, in-depth study about a single person (or a group of people, like a classroom or family)
* Often used to examine unique conditions
* Usually naturalistic observation
* Not generalizable
* Example: Piaget's observations of his kids, Erikson's observation of Gandhi, examination of a teacher's practices during a particular course unit
40
What is an evocative hereditary environment correlation and an example?
* The child's genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment that supports a particular trait, thus genes evoke environmental support
* Ex: A happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others
41
What is an active hereditary environment correlation and an example?
* Children actively seek out their niches in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents and are thus in accord with their genes
* Ex: Libraries, sports fields, and a store with musical instruments are examples of environmental niches children might seek out if they have intellectual
42
What is an active hereditary environment correlation and an example?
* Children actively seek out their niches in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents and are thus in accord with their genes
* Ex: Libraries, sports fields, and a store with musical instruments are examples of environmental niches children might seek out
43
What is heredity?
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
44
What is epigenetics?
* Nearly every cell in the body (e.g., muscle cell, neuron, skin cell) has a full set of DNA
* Epigenetic marks determine how cells function by telling them which genes to switch on/off
* Change how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence
* Experiences can rearrange these marks
* Some epigenetic changes are reversible
45
What is a teratogen?
A factor that negatively affects development during prenatal period
46
Provide an example of how prenatal maternal stress can impact the
development of her offspring
can result in infant mortality, preterm birth, or low birthweight
47
What are schemes?
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
48
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?
Handles all thought and voluntary behavior, memory, goal formation, abstract thinking, planning, and impulse control
49
What are gross motor skills? Example?
* Using large muscles to do activities
| * Example: Reach out and grab a ball
50
What are fine motor skills? Example?
* Coordination between small muscles
| * Example: Grasping a ball
51
What does sociocultural theory state?
* Culture guides and provides context for development
| * Learning occurs through social interaction with a more knowledgeable other
52
What is the information processing approach?
A way of explaining how children deal with the information they encounter in life
53
What is selective attention?
Pay attention to this, ignore that
54
What are schemes?
* Mental representations that organize knowledge
| * You mold your memories to fit the info you already have
55
What is sustained attention?
* Keep focus for extended period of time
* Infants can engage for 5-10 seconds, improve over childhood
* Novelty important for sustain attention (helps them learn and remember, related to habituation and eye tracking)
56
What is selective attention?
* Pay attention to this, ignore that
| * Focusing on reading a book even though others around you are talking
57
What is divided attention?
* Concentrate on more than one thing at a time
| * Listening to music and doing homework at the same time
58
What is executive attention?
* Recalling something
| * Inhibits automatic responses
59
What is joint attention?
* Includes gaze following and pointing
* Beings around 7-8 months, robust around 1
* "Hey mom!", "Look!"
60
How does memory storage work?
*Event-->Encoding-->short term memory-->decay/ recall
or
*Event-->encoding--->short term memory--> consolidation into LTM--->retrieval--->recall
61
What is fuzzy trace theory?
* When we encode memories we save two versions: verbatim (precise details) and gist (general idea of what happened)
* Gist less likely to be forgotten
* As children age, they move from verbatim to gist information
62
What is the content knowledge theory?
* Ability to remember depends of what we already know about subject
* The more you know the more you will remember
63
What is infantile amnesia?
* Most adults cannot remember anything from first 3 years of life
* Not enough space to store early info
* Language cues are not related to early memories
* Change in memory format bars access
64
Why does short term memory improve across childhood?
* Improvement in speed
| * Better use of mnemonic strategies
65
What are some mnemonic strategies we can teach children to improve memory retention?
* Organization
* Elaboration (personal associations)
* Create multiple links to information
* Use memory language
66
What are the three components of executive function?
Working memory inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility
67
What are the three components of executive function?
Working memory inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility
68
Why is executive function like an air traffic control system?
* Hold and work with various info simultaneously
* Filter distractions
* Switch gears
* Consciously control thoughts and actions to achieve goals and plan ahead
69
What is working memory?
* A type of short term memory
* Store and manipulate temporary info and carry out complex cognitive tasks
* Limited capacity (5-9 things at a time)
* Ex: Remembering a telephone number
70
What is inhibitory control?
* Skills used to master and filter thoughts and impulses
* Resist temptations, distractions, and habits
* Allows us to stay focused, sustain attention, prioritize tasks and actions
* Flanker task
71
What is cognitive flexibility?
* Capacity to switch gears and adjust to changed demands, priorities, or perspectives
* Allows us to apply different rules to different settings
* Helps us catch mistakes and fix them
* Head, toes, knees shoulders
72
What is metacognition?
*Knowledge about your thinking; thinking about and knowing when to use particular strategies for learning and problem solving
73
What is metamemory?
*Knowledge about memory (ex: knowing whether you have studied enough)
74
Why is metacognition important for learning?
It is related to literacy outcomes and gives children the tools to problem solve
75
What are the steps in the metacognition cycle?
Assess the task-->evaluate strengths/weaknesses-->plan the approach--->apply strategies--->reflect
76
How does metacognition change from early childhood to middle/late childhood?
As children learn more about what is relevant to a problem, they become better at using rules to solve it
77
What can a teacher do to encourage scientific learning and thinking?
* Build on what they already know and are interested in
* Give enough time to explore
* Open-ended questions
* Resist urge to demonstrate
* Provide materials that invite experimentation
78
Compare scientific thinking skills that are natural/innate vs learned and taught
* innate: physics understanding
| * Learned: designing experiments
