Midterm Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Results of State v. Driver case
A
the first court case in the US where epxert testimony is provided by a psychologist. However the full testimony of the psychologist was not considered
2
Q
Results of Jenkins v. United States case
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court ruled that some psychologists are qualified to give expert testimony while others arent
3
Q
why was the progess of psychologist expert testimony slower in canada
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because canada had different educational standards for psychologists. they were not required to get a PHD and a masters degree was enough
4
Q
What was Von Scherenck-notzings contribution?
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testified as an expert on child suggestibility
5
Q
what did cattell’s research prove?
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the accuracy of everyday observations/ eye witness testimoy
6
Q
what did binet’s research prove?
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suggestibility of children
7
Q
what did stern’s research prove?
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the eyewitness “reality experiment”
participants were exposed to staged events and aske to recall what happened to the expeirmenter after the event was over. they found that the testimony of the participants was incorrect and the testimony was the worst around the part where the staged actors revealed a gun
8
Q
Clinical forensic psychologists
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broadly concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental health issues as they pertain to the legal system
9
Q
Forensic psychiatry:
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A field of medicine that deals with all aspects of human behaviour as it relates to the law or legal system
10
Q
experimental forensic psychologists
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concerned with mental health issues as they pertain to the legal system, and they can be found in a variety of criminal justice settings
11
Q
Psychology and the law:
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The use of psychology to examine the operation of the legal system
12
Q
Psychology in the law:
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The use of psychology in the legal system as that system operates
13
Q
Psychology of the law
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The use of psychology to examine the law itself
14
Q
two primary functions of expert testimony
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Aid in understanding a particular issue relevant to the case
Provide an opinion
15
Q
general acceptance test
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In order for novel scientific evidence to be admissible, it must be established that the procedures used to arrive at the testimony are generally accepted in the scientific community
16
Q
Daubert Criteria
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Be peer reviewed
Be testable (falsifiable through experimentation)
Have a known error rate
Adhere to professional standards
17
Q
In America Testimony is admissible if it is:
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- Provided by qualified expert
- Relevant and
- Reliable, as determined by the Daubert criteria
18
Q
Mohan Criteria
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o Must be relevant
o Must be necessary to assist the trier of fact
o Must not violate any rules of exclusion
o Must be provided by a qualified expert
19
Q
duty to warn
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if someone you are talking to says that they will seriously harm someone. Then you have a duty to call 911 and warn the person that the offender is going to say they are going to harm
20
Q
results of Wenden v. Trikha case
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Duty to warn
21
Q
results of R. v. Hubbert case
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Jurors are presumed to be impartial (press limitations)
22
Q
results of R. v. Swain case
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NcR changed from insanity defense
23
Q
results of R. Levogiannis case
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- children can testify behind screens
24
Q
results of R .v. Gladue case
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-sentencing for Indigenous offenders
keep indigenous history in mind when sentancing offenders
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results of R .v. Oickle case
police interrogation can involve psychological coercion
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what does KSA stand for?
knowlegde, skills and abilities
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job analysis
involves a procedure to identify and define relevant KSA's
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predictive validity.
Predictive validity tells us if there is a relationship between scores obtained from a selection instrument and measures of actual job per- formance
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problems with construction and validation
- deciding what job-perforamnce measure to use
- - complaints, punctuality, commendations etc
- different performance measures may provide different results
- - a peer will rate a police officer different that a supervisor
- very ahrd to determine how well a plice officer will do at the job
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Selection interview
In recruiting police officers, an interview used by the police to determine the extent to which an applicant possesses the knowledge, skills, and abilities deemed important for the job
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what is the most common procedure used to test police officers
selection interview
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problems with selection interviews
people can lie during the interview or protray themselves better than they actually are
structured interviews provide most usefull information
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cognitive ability tests
Procedure for measuring verbal, mathematical, memory, and reasoning abilities
ex. IQ tests
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what is the most common personality test used in policing
MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
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which personality test is specifcally designed for policing
Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI)
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police discretion
involves knwoing when to enforce the law and when to allow for some latitude
The freedom that a police officer often has for deciding what should be done in any given situation
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Assessment centre:
A facility in which the behaviour of police applicants can be observed in a number of situations by multiple observers
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Situational test:
A simulation of a real-world policing task
| most used test
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who do police officers tend to use more force with?
drunk males
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Use-of-force models get police officers do consider the following:
situational factors
subject's behaviour
officer's perceptions
tactical considerations
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consequences of police stress
- physical health problems ex. cancer, possible links to digestive disorders
- psychological/personal problems ex. depression, alcohol abuse
- job performance problems ex. decreased productivity
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Resiliency training
one strategy that can be used to proac- tively minimize some of the harmful effects of police work. The goal of resiliency training is to allow police officers to “thrive in the face of adversity and to recover after exposure to extreme stress and trauma"
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Psychological debriefing:
A psychologically oriented intervention delivered to police officers following exposure to an event that resulted in psychological distress and an impairment of normal functioning
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debreifing circle
a group support meeting who has expeirenced a common trauma
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goals of a police interrogation
- obtain a confession
| - gain information that will furhter the investigation
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the ried model of interrogation
involves 3 stages
- gather evidence, conduct a non-accustorial interview to assess deception, conduct an accustorial interrogation to obtain a confession.
on the last stage the nine steps of the ried model is used to break down a suspec's resistance to confesssing
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minimization techniques
soft sell tactics that provide a sense of false security (ex. justifying the crime)
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maximization techniques
scare techniques that attempt to intimidate suspects (ex. making up evidence)
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Investigator bias:
Bias that can result when police officers enter an interrogation setting already believing that the suspect is guilty
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types of false confessions
o Voluntary false confessions
o Coerced-compliant false confessions
o Coerced-internalized false confessions
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Voluntary false confession:
A false confession that is provided without any elicitation from the police
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Retracted confession:
A confession that the confessor later declares to be false
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Disputed confession:
A confession that is later disputed at trial
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Coerced-compliant false confession:
A confession that results from a desire to escape a coercive interrogation environment or gain a benefit promised by the police
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Coerced-internalized false confession:
A confession that results from suggestive interrogation techniques, whereby the confessor actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime
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criminal profiling
a technique used to idenifty the personality and behavioural features of an individual based on an alaysis of the crimes they have commited
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the common approaches to criminal profiling
deductive profilling
| inductive profilling
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deductive profilling
profilling an offender from evidence related to that offender's crimes
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inductive profilling
profilling an officender from what is known about other offenders who have commited a similar (solved) crime
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disorganized crime
associated with offenders of low intelligence
chaotic
lots of evidence left at the crime scene
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organized crime
associated with offenders of high intelligence
planned
no or little evidence left at the crime scene
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the criticisms of criminal profiling
o It lacks a strong theoretical base
o Psychological assumptions used lack strong empirical support
o Profiles are too ambiguous to be useful
o Professional profilers are not accurate
does not consider situational factors
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Geographic profiling
involves an analysis of crime scene locations in order to determine the most probable area of offender residence
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Confabulation:
The reporting of events that never actually occurred
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Comparison Question Test:
A type of polygraph test that includes irrelevant questions that are unrelated to the crime, relevant questions concerning the crime being investigated, and comparison questions concerning the person’s honesty and past history prior to the event being investigated
most common
questions are asked that are irrelevant, relevant and compared questions. guilty people react more to the revelant questions and innocent people react more to the comparison questions
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Polygraph disclosure
| tests:
Polygraph tests that are used to uncover information about an offender’s past behaviour
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Concealed Information Test:
A type of polygraph test designed to determine if the person knows details about a crime
questions are asked that only the perpetrator could answer
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Ground truth:
As applied to polygraph research, the knowledge of whether the person is actually guilty or innocent
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downfalls and benefits of labortory studies on polygraph validity
the ground truth (actual truth) is known (benefit)
limited application to real life situations
the participants are not emotionally charged because they know they arent going to jail if they lie
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the downfalls and beenfits of field studies on polygraph validity
the ground truth is not known (downfall)
| actual real life situation with actual suspects (benefit)
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countermeasures
ways people can beat the test from distracting your fight or fight system. ex counting backwards or tapping your foot
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Event-related brain potentials:
Brain activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and by recording electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus
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how is Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) used in deception research
Measures differences in brain activity when people are being honest versus deceptive
Different parts of the brain are activated when person is deceptive versus when they are telling the truth
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what are the Verbal cues most consistently related to deception?
o Higher voice pitch
o Increased speech disturbance (ah, umm)
o Slower speech
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what are the verbal cues indicative of honesty
o Make corrections in account
| o Admit to lack of memory
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what are the verbal cues indicative of deception
o Little detail
o Less compelling accounts
o More nervous and tense
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Truth-bias:
The tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive
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Factitious disorder:
A disorder in which the person’s physical and psychological symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards
munchausen disorder
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Malingering:
Intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms for some type of external gain
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Defensiveness:
Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms
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PATHOGENIC MODEL
Assumes malingering results from an underlying mental disorder
The patient attempts to gain control over his or her pathology by creating fictitious symptoms
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CRIMINOLOGICAL MODEL
Malingering in forensic assessments suspected due to:
o Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
o Lack of cooperation during assessment
o Discrepancy between self and others reports
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ADAPTATION MODEL
Asserts malingering is likely to occur when:
o A perceived adversarial context is present
o Personal stakes are very high
o No other viable alternatives are perceived
most supported and least judgemental
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Ego Dystonic (insight) disorder
o Disorders where you have insight, or you know that I have a disorder
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ego syntonic (fusion) disorders
disorder where you do not have insight, or you are not aware that you have a disorder
the disorder fuses with thier self (ego)
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postive symptoms of psychosis
hallucinations, delusions, when something has been added
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negative symptoms of psychosis
when something has been taken away
| lack of speech, catatonic behaviour, flat affect
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recall memory
o Reporting details of a previously witnessed event/person
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recognition memory
o Determining whether what is currently being viewed/heard is the same as the previously witnessed item/person
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estimator variables
o Present at the time of the crime and cannot be changed (e.g., age of witness)
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system variables
o Can be manipulated to increase (or decrease) eyewitness accuracy (e.g., lineup procedure)
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THE MISINFORMATION EFFECT
Occurs when a witness is provided with inaccurate information about an event after it is witnessed and incorporates the 'misinformation' in their later recall
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Memory conformity
Happens when witnesses are influenced by the story of other witnesses
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the three theories that explain the mifinformation effect
Misinformation acceptance hypothesis
Source misattribution hypothesis
Memory impairment hypothesis
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misinformation acceptance hypothesis
We want to please who is interviewing you
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source of misattribution hypothesis
When we can't figure out which hypothesis was correct, and you go with the false one
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memory impairment hypothesis
When you acquire the false hypothesis you lose or forget the true hypothesis
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Target present lineups
: the suspect is there
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target absent lineups
the suspect isnt there
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instruction bias
the witness is not told that the suspect might not be in the lineup so the witness thinks the suspect must be in the lineup
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Post-identification feedback:
when the police officer tell the witness that they are correct or incorrect can effect they're sense of confidence and mood
102
WHY ARE CHILDREN SUGGESTIBLE?
o Social compliance:
Children trust and want to cooperate with adult interviewers
o Cognitive system:
Children differ in the ways they encode, store, and retrieve information
Children can misattribute where information comes from
They're frontal cortex isn't developed yet
103
Anatomically detailed dolls
o Ex. dolls with exposed genitals
o The child might be more likely to show you how they're body was touched and where they're body was touched
o The problem with this is that the dolls haven't been standardized in research
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Human figure drawings
o Just like showing them the dolls expect it's a drawing of the doll
o However children will still make up stories
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Criterion-based content analysis
o Trying to find if the story the child tells fits a certain criterion
o The issue with this is that the jugdement of criteria is it is highly subjective one person can say the story is believeable while another person says it isn't
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Narrative elaboration
o All of these pictures are on different cards and the child can rearrange the cards any way they want and this ensures that the child hits all the needed information
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False memory syndrome:
o client's false belief that he/she was sexually abused as a child
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Peremptory challenge:
Can reject prospective jurors with no reason provided
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Challenge for cause:
o Prospective jurors may be rejected if a suitable reason is provided
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Impartiality:
A characteristic of jurors who can set aside biases, can ignore inadmissible evidence and
have no connection to the defendant
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Representativeness:
A jury composition that represents the community where the crime occurred
