midterm Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
MPA
A
Clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
2
Q
Network of MPAs
A
system or network is a collection of MPAs operating cooperatively and synergistically, at various spatial scales, and with a range of protection levels, in order to fulfill ecological aims more effectively and comprehensively than individual sites could alone
3
Q
Benefits of MPAs (ecological)
A
- contribute to the protection of the structure, function and integrity of ecosystems by:
- providing harvest refuge
- protecting habitats critical to lifecycle stages such as spawning juvenile rearing and feeding
- completing adjacent terrestrial protected areas for anadromous species
- protecting spawning stocks, spawning stock biomass and spawning aggregation to enhance or maintain reproductive capacity
- contributing to the restoration and recovery of species, habitat and ecosystems
- enhancing local and regional fish stocks through increased recruitment and spillover of adults and juveniles into adjacent areas
- assisting in conservation- based fisheries management regimes
4
Q
benefits of MPAs (social, economic & cultural)
A
- encouraging expansion of knowledge and understanding of marine systems
- ensuring a stable resource base for non-consumptive & sustainable consumptive activities including fishing, recreation and tourism
- contributing to the coordination of ecosystem-based management of marine activities, thereby ensuring long-term economic opportunities for sustainable use
- providing researchers, educators and policy makers with reference sites to serve as natural benchmarks
- increasing the quality of life surrounding communities
- protecting historical and contemporary culturally and spiritually significant sites
5
Q
Marine life protection act goals
A
- protect natural diversity and function of marine ecosystems
- sustain and restore marine life populations
- improve recreational, educational and study opportunities
- protect representative and unique marine life habitats
- clear objectives, effective management, adequate enforcement, sounds science
- sure MPAs are designed and managed as networks
6
Q
Varieties of MPAs
A
- Big top-down MPAs - open ocean and uninhabited
- small “community based” MPAs - ex: Philippines & South Pacific
- Entrepreneurial MPAs
7
Q
What is Marine spatial planning (MSP)
A
public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives that have been specified through a political process
8
Q
What is MAPP?
A
marine planning partnership - uses existing marine & coastal planning, uses ecosystem-based management framework
9
Q
What differs marine ecosystems & terrestrial?
A
Water - different spaces will have different buoyancies, viscosities, and specific heat capacities
-oceans are patchy, resources are not spread evenly
10
Q
Population ecology - source vs. sink populations
A
source pop: net exporter, birth rate is greater than death rate
sing pop: net importer, death rate is greater than birth rate
11
Q
What is dispersal?
A
movement of an individual/group of individuals away from a parent population. It is a biological process and is essential for population sustainability and maintenance
12
Q
Dispersal mechanisms
A
- different life history traits
- adult dispersal
- broadcast spawning
- larval dispersal
- -> planktonic behaviours
13
Q
How does length of time an organisms says in larvae effect dispersal?
A
faster they settle, smaller the dispersal
14
Q
Pelagic larval duration (PLD)
A
-length of time larvae spend in water column, affects dispersal distance
15
Q
Planktotrophic
A
- feed in water column
- typically seen in invertebrates
16
Q
Lecithotrophic
A
- rely on internal stores for energy
- typically seen in fish & some invertebrates
17
Q
Advantages of dispersal
A
Decreased competition between adults & their larval populations
-interspecies
18
Q
What is connectivity?
A
flux of any types of material between locations, interaction between species and landscapes
- should result in exchange of genetic material between populations
- marine connectivity far greater than in terrestrial
19
Q
why is connectivity important?
A
connecting adult populations with breeding or nursery sites, connecting source and sink populations, preventing inbreeding and genetic variation, accommodating range shifts, accelerated climate change, species diapering and recolonizing, protecting nursery sites - all must be considered
20
Q
barriers to connectivity
A
changing currents, habitat fragmentation, physical thresholds (temperature, depth, salinity, substrate),
21
Q
Trophic cascade- what is it? how does it affect marine systems? when do they occur?
A
An occurrence when a top predator is removed or added to a food web, usually leads to changing marine systems. Has a large effect on marine systems. Occurs when a top predator (sea otter) limits density &/or behaviour of their prey (urchin) & thereby enhances survival of next lower trophic level (kelp system)
22
Q
Goal of conservation planning?
A
To sustain population w/in protected/ conservation orientated region, cover all biogeographic zones, including transition regions.
This should allow protected populations to do well enough to help populate areas outside of MPAs. “spill over”
23
Q
What are predicted impacts of MPAs?
A
Fisheries: increase in biomass of reproductive adults, increased spill over into non-reserve areas, benefits fisheries
Biodiversity: increase in organism size & diversity
24
Q
Considerations when designing MPAs?
A
Ecological: Dispersal, connectivity, site specific factors
Social considerations
Overall goals for area: fisheries, species of concern, important habitats
25
What affects design of reserves?
essential areas-placement, populations of concern, size, spacing
26
What is the perfect scenario of an MPA?
spillover effect
27
Areas that are essential to protect?
vulnerable life history stages, aggregation grounds, migration bottlenecks, areas w/ high habitat heterogeneity, areas of high diversity
28
Ex of aggregate grounds, migration bottleneck sand vulnerable life history stages
Vulnerable life history stages: Turtles, target beaches
Aggregate: salmon in river, cuddlefish
migration bottleneck: marine birds - migrate, stop to feed
29
Populations of importance to protect
fisheries concerns-economic
threatened species - cute & cuddly
ecologically important species - biological habitat species - kelp forest, eel grass beds
30
Does size matter for MPAs?
yes, but debatable, "bigger is better" is based on a theory of island biogeography
31
SLOSS
Single large, or several small
32
Importance of connectivity and MPAs
1. sustain genetic diversity
| 2. organisms inside reserves, impact organisms outside of reserve
33
NEOLI
no take, enforced, old, large & isolated
| --> lead to a successful MPA
34
MPA effect on populations (for most part)
populations increase average size of organisms increase
35
effects w/ in reserve boundaries
-increased biomass - increase # or organisms -increase in size of organisms -increased biodiversity
36
Full protection vs. partial protection
Some MPAs = no take
some allow some fishing/extractive actions
seasonal closures
37
Issues with current ecology?
- poor understanding of actual dispersal abilities & connectivity
- difficult to track larvae & species over space and time
- easier to maintain diversity than restore
38
What can't MPAs/ aren't very good at protecting against?
climate change, ocean acidification, sea temperature rise, sea level rise, sedimentation, pollution, marine disease outbreaks, conflicting goals, overly degraded systems
39
Ocean values
-food -knowledge - economy - trade - spiritual -livelihood -recreational -etc.
40
How to sustain ocean values?
- integrate marine spatial planning
- sector-by-sector management : via regulations, policy, plans, fisheries, transportation, aquaculture, coastal forestry
- species-by-species management:: species @ risk legistlation
- Habitat-by-habitat management: ex federal, provincial, first nation "MPA" designations
- Conservation planning, ex: MPA networks
41
Top threats to oceans
-unsustainable fishing, accelerated climate change, invasive species, pollution, habitat loss & destruction, coastal development
42
3 major shifts in commercial fishing
1.demersal (advanced tech) 2.geogrpahic (anywhere in world) 3.bathymetric (everywhere in water column)
43
major types of ecosystem damages (3)
1.species are depleted 2.habitat alteration 3.ecological shifts from removal of important species
44
Climate stressors & their impacts
stressors: ocean warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, changes in ocean circulation, more intense storms
impacts: coral bleaching, coastal erosion, alter food web, slower growth rates, shifting migratory patters, loss of habitat
45
Global trends
global dead spots from fertilizers entering water ways
pollution: point & non point ex: ocean dumping, deep sea mining, marine transport, atmospheric transport. resulting in : Acidification, eutrophication, plastic & debrs
plastics: endocrine, aggregate in genres
46
Shifting perspectives on ocean (5 lessons)
1. perspective is getting longer, we know we can change the ocean
2. species do not always recover after depletion
3. ecosystems can be shifted into alternate states
4. species are at risk of extinction -habitat loss and transformation
5. deep sea is not beyond harm
47
Benefits of marine planning project?
common vision between gov't, FNs, stakeholder & public
- ID economic opportunities
- facilitate social license for industry
- improve user certainty & stability -better investment in climate
- ID ecological & cultural sensitive areas
- build efficiencies in decisions
48
MaPP plan(s) @ a glance
non-spatial components:
- background -vision, goals, objectives & strategies -context
- highly diverse -multiple interests & values
spatial components:
- marine zoning -general management -special management - protection management
- recommended users & activities -ecologically &culturally sensitive areas
49
General management zone
wide range of sustainable marine uses & activities using an ecosystem-based management framework
- management prescriptions address conflicts w/ general management direction in sub-regional plans
objective: manage for a variety of co-existing sustainable marine uses & activities that adhere to ecosystems-based management principles
50
Special management zone
High priority /high potential sustainable marine uses & activities
uses & activities with specific environmental conditions and locations
ex: commercial tourism, public rec, renewable energy
objective: to manage for ne or more identified high priority and or high potential sustainable marine uses or activities
51
Protection management zone
primarily for conservation purposes/objectives
- may protect localized conservation values
objective: to protect full range of values that marine environments provide w/ a primary emphasis on maintaining marine biodiversity, ecological representation & special features
52
Conservation benefits of MAPP
1. improved compliance w/ marine-related legislation, regulations & traditional laws
2. restoration of estuaries and other sensitive habitats where there is high development
3. EBM indicator monitoring to track changes in ecological & human well being systems
4. collaboration on cumulative effects assessment and framework
5. enhanced human well being
6. local & traditional blending of knowledge
53
What is BC marine conservation Analysis? what does it produce? what is purpose?
collaborative proctor w/ many partners and observers
Products:
1. marine atlas & data library
2.analyses that identify
a.marine areas of high conservation value
b. marine areas important to human use
purpose: provide these products to aid with informing all interest groups & marine planning processes
- -> NOT to advocate planning outcomes or replace planning processes
54
Who is BCMCA?
project team - human use working group, project stand contributors
55
Why are project team organizations collaborating for BCMCA?
all recognize value of : best available, comprehensive data
| -compiled collaboratively & reviewed transparently - for marine planning
56
what is Marxan analysis? what is it used for?
globally recognized decision support tool for area-based planning. Used to identify areas of high conservation value, identify areas important to human use
57
Datasets for boundary delineation
1. localized academic research
2. TEK & local eco knowledge, local marine use data
3. BCMCA layers & marina scenarios
4. coastal resource info management systems, (geoBC)
5. department of fisheries & oceans -EBSAs & important areas
6. CHS nautical charts
7. coast info team's spatial analysis
8. most recen foreshore georeferenced orthophotos
58
What is conservation risk assessment (CRA)
Analystical tool used to identify & assess: conservation values
-risk factors
-threats
Based on:
-representation & specific features
-species & phenomena rarity and richness
-size, shape & replication
59
USES of CRA?
- inform managers & rangers of values, risks & threats w/ in protected areas
- informe annual management planning
- integrate recreation & conservation into ecosystem based management
- Assess option in PA site & system design
60
Why is Canada - BC network strategy needed?
Gov't need to work together to achieve common goals in an area of shared jurisdiction
- Gov't are moving towards more systemic marine conservation planning
- systemic approach to conservation planning is /best practice'
61
how was Canada-BC network strategy drafted ?
legislation, mandates, policies, priorities, commitments. + best practices, international experience, science advice. + Consultation. = New strategy
62
Eligibility of Canada BC network strategy
MPAs in network will:
-serve a range of functions
-appear in a wide array of sizes, shapes
-offer a range of protection standards
-meet eligibility criteria : 1.meet definition of MPA
2Contribute to goal of #1
3.Have a mangemtn plan or protection guidance, and is effectively managed for achievement of network goals
63
Vision of Canada-BC network strategy?
ecologically comprehensive, resilient & representative network of MPAs that protects biological diversity and health of marine environment for present and future generations
64
Goals of Canada-BC network strategy
1. to protect & maintain mine biodiversity ecological representation & special natural features
2. contribute to conservation & protect of fishery resources & their habitats
3. to maintain & facilitate opportunities for tourism, & recreation
4. to contribute to social, community & economic certainty & stability
5. conserve & protect traditional use, cultural heritage, and archaeological resources
6. to provide opportunities for scientific research, education & awareness
65
Network planning principles
(ecological)
1. include full range of biodiversity in pacific Canada
2. Ensure EBSAs are incorporated
3. ensure ecological linkages
4. maintain long term protection
5. Ensure max contribution of individual MPAs (size, space, shape)
(social, economic, cultural design principles)
1. Recognize, consider full range of uses, activities & values supported by marines environment
2. Max the positive
3. min the negative
4. Enhace management effectiveness & compliance
66
General operating principles of network design
1. work with people
2. respect FNs treaties, rights
3. Foster EBM
4. Apply adaptive management
5. build on existing MPAs, other management & tools & marines planning initiative
6. include full range of protection levels
7. take precautionary approach
67
What is governance?
formal & informal arrangements, structures & processes by which an organization (prinitative) is directed, controlled & held to accounts
"where to go? who should be involved? who makes decisions? at what capacity?
68
What is good governance?
participatory, transparent, effective, accountable, efficient, inclusive, resilient, responsive
- promotes fairness
- provided long-term perspective grounded in historical, cultural & social complexities
69
Forms of governance for MPAs
1. top-down
ex: state controls through law/regualtion
2. bottom-up
ex: community based approach, empowerment of local areas
3. collaborative/ partnership/ co-management
ex: state & community based, multi gov't in some cases
4. market incentives
ex: need to establish economic incentives yo catalyze change - natural capital, ecosystem services, property rights, etc.
70
European directive marine strategy framework
Established in 2008, legislative framework for EMB
--> achieve good eco standing by 2020
(a way of doing this is to establish MPA networks)
71
Pacific islands managed & protected area Community
-collaboration of site managers, non gov't organizations. local communities, federal state, and territorial agencies & other stakeholders working together
72
Jurisdication of marine environment (Provincial, federal *& FNs)
P - inland waters & seabed lying "between jaws of land"
ex: bay, estuaries, inlets
Fed- fisheries management, marine transports, marine birds
FNs- rights & title, local use of food, social & ceremonial purposes, conservation, general marine planning
73
What are national marine conservation areas for?
- conservation
- ecologically sustainable use
- public education & enjoyment
74
Who has lead federal authority for NMCAs? do they manage alone?
Parks Canada, & no, transport Canada & fisheries also maintain authority.
75
what activities continues within NMCAs? Which one do not?
DO: traditional harvest, fishing, recreation and tourism, marine transport, shipping
DO NOT: oil & gas exploration, oil & gas development, undersea mining
76
How is NMCA established?
Identify & select area, feasibility assessment, negotiation, interim management plan , establishment
77
Background of NMCA
began in 2004, (2004 to 2011) - hosted 37 open houses & workshops in community , 10 stakeholder meetings, attended club meetings, events boat shows, communications, newsletters, E-News, web
78
Why was southern strait of Georgia chosen for NMCA?
diversity of marine life
79
proposed boundary of NMCA?
1400sq km
80
Boundary considerations for NMCA?
- conserve range of habitats & species
- protect spatial & sensitive ecosystems
- opportunities for educations & enjoyment
- minimize socio-economic impact
81
proposed excluded areas for NMCA
- areas of high tenure concentration
- specific tenures
- provincial parks
- rectangualr areas off valiant & values islands
