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midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Ethics is

A

a branch of philosophy that is primarily concerned with morality: it seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice.

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2
Q

A common pitfall in the study of global religious ethics is to ask

A

questions from the perspective of one’s own culture and society, and then ‘impose’ them on religious texts of a different religious tradition. ( what Hindus think about abortion and euthanasia)

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3
Q

Judaism originated

A

in around 2000 BCE in Canaan

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4
Q

According to Judaic beliefs, God made

A

a covenant with Abraham and his offspring; that’s why Jewish people consider themselves God’s ‘chosen people.’

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5
Q

Today, the land of Canaan is located in

A

present-day Israel.

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6
Q

There are four major branches in Judaism:

A

Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reconstructionist Judaism, and Reform Judaism.

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7
Q

Among these branches, Orthodox Judaism is

A

the most ‘conservative’ group, by following traditional beliefs and practices most strictly. Their religious life is characterized by strict observation of dietary laws, intensive study of the Torah (the law), and attending religious ceremonies.

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8
Q

The other branches of Judaism

A

take on a more ‘liberal’ stance. They generally believe that one should take a more open-minded approach to the interpretation of the Torah to acclimating Judaism to the modernized world.

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9
Q

The Jewish dietary code is called

A

kosher

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10
Q

Yom Kippur is

A

considered the most sacred day among Jewish communities. also known as the Day of Atonement, when Jewish people are supposed to fast, repent, forgive and ask for others’ forgiveness.

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11
Q

Rosh Hashanah is

A

the jewish new year

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12
Q

The theology of Judaism centers on

A

the covenant God made with Abraham and his offspring, the Israelites.

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13
Q

According to Jewish beliefs, God made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him

A

the land of Canaan and offspring.

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14
Q

exodus

A

when Moses led the Israelites to travel from Egypt back to Canaan

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15
Q

God stopped Moses at

A

Mount Sinai,

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16
Q

what happened at Mount Sinai

A

God told Moses to build a holy nation, God gave to them the law (Torah).

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17
Q

he Torah consists of

A

hundreds and thousands of rules,

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18
Q

the Ten Commandments are

A

the most fundamental

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19
Q

God inscribed the 10 commandments into

A

two tablets

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20
Q

The first tablet contains

A

laws pertaining to the relationship between God and people

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21
Q

the second tablet contains

A

laws pertaining to interpersonal relationships–in this case, how one should treat their fellow Israelites.

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22
Q

Sabbath (Shabbat) is

A

a unique Jewish custom. Sabbath is on the seventh day of the week (from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday), commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest. The theological basis for Shabbat is that God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day; God commanded the Jewish people to “remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy.” The custom of Sabbath has generated in the Jewish community’s unique ethics of time.

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23
Q

One works during the week so that

A

one can keep Sabbath, the climax of living.

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24
Q

Sabbath teaches one to be

A

somewhat detached from busy work, from material gains, and from building a career for ourselves–not that these are not important, but human life is more than these.

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25
Sabbath is for
celebration, reconciliation, and for tranquility
26
There are at least three kinds of love identifiable in the Jewish canonical literature
The first kind is the covenantal love between God and Israel. The second kind of love is Tzedakah,
27
The concept of Tzedakah, ultimately, is
the duty of love one has toward people who are under the same covenant with God
28
rule about gleaning
the Jewish law forbids the owner of the land to glean after themselves so that the poor, widows and those who cannot properly have their own crops can glean and gather food.
29
Abraham Heschel was
was an orthodox Jew and one of the most distinguished Jewish theologians and ethicists. He was persecuted under Nazi Germany. After he moved to the United States, he was active in the American Civil Rights Movement, and he was a friend of Martin Luther King.
30
Christianity originated as
a branch of Judaism in the first century, in the Roman province of Judea, which is today’s Israel
31
Currently, Christianity is
the largest religion in the world.
32
the three major branches in Christianity
Catholicism, Orthodox Church, and Protestantism.
33
Protestantism is then
divided into many different denominations--Lutherans, Methodists, etc.
34
Our calendar reflects
the influence of Christianity. For instance, Christmas is for the celebration of the birth of Jesus, and Easter is for celebrating the resurrection of Jesus.
35
The Christian canon is called
the Bible and Christians believe that the writing of it was inspired by God.
36
It is a basic Christian belief that due to their sins,
human beings were condemned to eternal death; but out of compassion for human beings, the Logos (the second person of God), who is sinless, became a man (Jesus).
37
Jesus suffered and died in the place of human beings, so that
human beings, by following Jesus, can be redeemed from sin and enter eternal life.
38
Incarnation
God became man
39
resurrection
the belief that Jesus resurrected from the dead three days after his death
40
The love of neighbor is
originally a Jewish concept and Christianity gives it a new interpretation
41
In the Christian view, the incarnation--God became man--is
a self-emptying act, by which God gave himself as a gift to the human race by emptying his high status as God and assuming a humble human form. This is how much God loves human beings.
42
To be friends is to
give oneself to each other as gifts.
43
As Pope Francis puts it, friendship is
‘spiritual accompaniment’--which is essentially the same with what we call ‘being there for friends (spiritually),’
44
God ‘does not call on human beings from beyond the world, but
became a man, so that he could ‘dwell in our midst and accompanies our journey in history.’ In this sense, God is an ‘accompanist.’
45
In the case of Christianity, the theological basis of forgiveness is that
God forgives the sins of human beings through his redeeming act--the incarnation. Human beings, who bear the image of God, ought to imitate God.
46
From the Christian perspective, vengeance is
orally wrong for several reasons. First, vengeance usually comes from hatred, hurt pride and anger--what people commonly call ‘bad blood.’ Second, by definition, one who takes vengeance has the intention of causing harm to a fellow human being. And thirdly, vengeance has the tendency of excess--that is, one tends to do more than what the other person ‘deserves.’
47
The first step of forgiving, from the Christian perspective
is acknowledging the offense; only then can one properly give up the resentment or requital.
48
Just like God did not simply forgive human beings and let them go scot-free; instead,
God first acknowledges their sinfulness, and then forgives them and makes remedies through the incarnation
49
We must also keep in mind that forgiveness is usually
an act or aptitude of individuals.
50
forgiveness does not go against
the reciprocal justice of the law
51
Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of
the Society of Jesus.
52
key elements in Ignatius’ spirituality
one is universal charity. Another important factor in the spirituality of Ignatius of Loyola is reflection and discernment.
53
Ignatius believes that charity must be
free from individual preferences. In other words, since God loves all human beings, charity should be practiced to all people without discrimination--whether the person in need is good or evil, Muslim or Christian, protestant or Catholic--it should not matter.
54
Ignatius describes in his Spiritual Exercises the practice of
‘Examen’ which is followed by Jesuits and many Christians to this day.
55
Examen is
a prayerful examination of the events of the day to detect God’s presence and his guidance for us.
56
Ignatius requires Jesuits to practice Examen
twice daily--at noon and at the end of the day.
57
Islam is the
second-largest religion in the world; it is also the fastest-growing major religion.
58
Islam started in
the seventh century, when Muhammad (570-632), a merchant in Mecca, received visits from Angel Gabriel.
59
Muhammad first shared the revelation from God through the angel to
is close friends and relatives
60
the messages were transmitted
orally first, and they were written down during Muhammad’s lifetime and constituted the Quran.
61
The Quran, then, is considered
a verbatim revelation of God.
62
The central messages of the Quran include:
god is one, and all races are equal.
63
Because of these two messages, Muslims were resented and oppressed by
the locals in Mecca, and Muhammad was forced to move to Medina. But later, Muhammad returned to Mecca
64
sacred places in the Islamic tradition.
Mecca and Medina
65
The most sacred site in Islam is
the Kaaba.
66
Muslims believe that the Kaaba was built by
Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ishmael. It was renovated at Muhammad’s time, and Muhammad himself put the black stone onto it.
67
Muslims also believe in revelations before
Muhammad--Moses, for instance, received the Torah, and Jesus received the Gospels
68
Both Moses and Jesus were considered prophets. However,
the divine messages in both the Torah and the Gospels, according to Islamic beliefs, are distorted. Muhammad is considered the messenger of God, and the seal of prophets.
69
There are two major branches of Islam
Sunni (90%) and Shia (10%).
70
The difference between suni and shia
beliefs about who was the lawful successor of Muhammad--Sunni Muslims believed that Muhammad appointed his close friend and father-in-law Abu Bakr as his successor, and Shia Muslims believe that he had appointed his son-in-law Ali.
71
Sufism is not
a separate sect.
72
Sufis are characterized by
their ascetic practices, devotional acts, and practice of remembrance of God.
73
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims can practice
sufism
74
Like Jewish people, Muslims also have
a dietary code
75
food that is allowed is called
halal
76
forbidden food is called
haram
77
haram includes
which includes pork products and alcohol among other foods.
78
The first pillar is
the creed
79
The Islamic Creed is
“there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
80
Submission to Allah is called
islam
81
and one who submits oneself to Allah is called
muslim
82
The second pillar is
daily prayers
83
Muslims are expected to pray at
five different times in a day--at sunrise, early afternoon, late afternoon, sunset and night.
84
The third pillar
almsgiving
85
Each year Muslims are expected to donate
2.5% of their entire wealth to those who are in need.
86
The fourth pillar is
fasting during Ramadan
87
fasting is done in commemoration of
the first commemoration Muhammad received from Angel Gabriel.
88
The fifth pillar is
the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina | Muslims are expected to make their journey to Mecca and Medina at least once in their lifetime
89
Among the five pillars, what is considered the central pillar that supports the entire edifice of Islam?
prayer
90
Taqwa means
being conscious and cognizant of Godf
91
The virtue of vigilance is often associated with
the practice of prayer
92
When one prays, one is conscious that one is
in the presence of Allah
93
when praying one submits
one’s spirit and all the body parts to Allah
94
Before prayers starts, one practices
the wudu
95
wudu
ritual ablution, for the purity of the body goes together with the purity of the spirit.
96
To keep the proper physical form during prayer is also important
all limbs must be positioned properly in reverence of Allah.
97
taqwa attained through
prayer
98
Muslims believe that it is important to guard one’s
tongue, and not to let slander, backbiting, and angry words slip out of one’s mouth, which may offend Allah.
99
Taqwa does not stop at
ritual prayer

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