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Acb 330 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Nanos

A

Binds to 3’UTR of some mRNA and inhibits their translation

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2
Q

Polar granule component

A

Non-coding RNA that inhibits gene transcription by inhibiting rna pol II activation

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3
Q

Piwi

A

Acts with miRNA in an RNA silencing complex that’s inhibits translation by promoting degradation is specific mRNA

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4
Q

Vasa

A

RNA binding protein that functions as a translational initiation factor, promotes translation of mRNA coding for protein involved in pole cell differentiation

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5
Q

Oskar

A

Organizes pole plasm determinants to posterior end

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6
Q

Blimp1

A

Suppress somatic cell differentiation

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7
Q

Prdm14

A

Promote PGCs differentiation

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8
Q

Stem cell factor (SCF)

A

Signals PGCs to mitotically proliferate

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9
Q

Steel mutation

A

Mutation in gene coding for SCF

-no SCF being produced = PGCs don’t proliferate = infertile mouse

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10
Q

White spotting mutation

A

Mutation of gene coding for c-kit, the receptor for SCF

  • same phenotype as steel
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11
Q

SDF-1

A

Gonads secrete this chemotactic protein that attracts PGCs

SDF-1 binds to its receptor CXCR4 on surface of PGCs

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12
Q

Pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG) are expressed by

A
  1. ICM in mammal blastocyst
  2. Human embryonic stem cell
  3. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPs cells)
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13
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cell

A

Cells that can be reprogrammed from somatic cell to become pluripotent

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14
Q

Diapedesis

A

In birds PGCs squeeze through extraembryonic blood vessels and get carried along bloodstream

Once they reach gonads, they squeeze out via diapedesis and will become either sperm or egg

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15
Q

Wnt4

A

Female gonads produce Wnt4 to direct PGCs to develop into diploid oogonia

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16
Q

Stra8

A

Mesonephros secretes RA
RA activates Stra8 expression
Stra8 triggers oogonia to enter meiotic prophase I

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17
Q

FGF9

A

Testis formation

Develop precursor cells (pre-spermatogonia)

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18
Q

CYP26B1

A

RA Is degraded by this enzyme

No RA signal -> no Stra8 expression -> cells remain pre-spermatogonia until puberty

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19
Q

Resact

A

Chemotatic peptide releases from jelly coat of AP sea urchin eggs

Resact diffuses from egg coat -> binds to receptor on sperm -> stimulates sperm flagellum -> provides sperm direction toward egg

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20
Q

Acrosome reaction

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A

Triggered when sperm contacts polysaccharides in egg jelly coat

Exocytosis of its contents (proteolytic enzymes)

Acrosomal process formed

21
Q

Bindins

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A

Vitelline membrane binding proteins extend out (acrosomal process)

22
Q

Sperm capacitation

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A

Oviduct fluid changes sperm
Properties

-hyperactivity of sperm flagellum
-removes cholesterol from sperm plasma membrane
-unmasks zona pellucida binding proteins on Sperm head
- reduce affinity for oviduct walls to allow them
To swim through the oviduct to egg

23
Q

Sperm attraction and guidance

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A

1) thermotaxis - ampulla area warmer by 2 degrees

2) chemotaxis - progesterone and CRISP1 attract sperm to egg in ampulla

24
Q

Hyaluronidase

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A

Enables sperm to digest a path through cumulus cell layer

25
Izumo
Protein gets redistributed on outer surface of sperm head Allows sperm head to bind to egg plasma membrane
26
ZP2 and ZP3
Helps sperm head bind/adhere to zone of pellucida Contact and fuse with egg plasma membrane
27
Fertilization cone
Engulf sperm head in sea urchins
28
JUNO
Izumo protein on sperm binds to JUNO protein on egg = successful fertilization
29
CD9
Fusigenic protein Promotes fusion of egg and sperm plasma membrane Allows sperm nucleus to enter egg cytoplasm
30
Holoblastic cleavage
Isolecithal Mesolecithal
31
Meroblastic cleavage
Teloecithal Centrolecithal
32
Meridional plane
Cleaned along vegetal axis South Pole to North Pole When egg has lots of yolk - frog
33
Equatorial plane
Upper half is separated from vegetal lower half West to east cleavage
34
Compaction
~16 stage cell Individual blastomeres develop increased adhesive affinity to one another Compacted together and develop tight junctions between them
35
E-cadherin
Increased levels of cadherin allows Blastomeres to bind together It increases the adhesive affinity to one another
36
Trophoblast cells
Inactive hippo signal allows YAP to enter nucleus and activate Cdx2 expression which drivers outer cells to develop into trophoblasts and give rise to placenta
37
Cavitation
Blastocyst cavity develops Na+ gets pumped in followed by influx of water -> tight junctions seal fluid in -> ICM moves to one side of cavity
38
Totipotent
Able to form both placenta and embryonic tissue - early fertilization up to ~16 cell stage before cavity is formed
39
Pluripotent
Able to form all tissues of embryo but NOT placenta -cavity is formed and 2 distinct cell populations
40
Unipotent
Only able to form placenta tissue - single developmental fate - trophoblasts
41
Multipotent
During gastrulation, ICM can give rise to 3 Derm layers
42
Blastoderm gives rise to 2 layers (like a pita bread)
Epiblast layer - gives rise to embryo Hypoblast layer - does not give rise to embryo
43
Cellular blastoderm
-in drosophila, layer of individual cells surround the yolk
44
Actomyosin
Blocks gene transcription (aka no new mRNA synthesis) Egg develops until blastula stage
45
Cycloheximide
Prevents translation of protein synthesis from mRNA Cleavage blocked.
46
Maskin protein
Found in amphibian oocyte that blocks translation of a stored mRNA by binding 3’ to 5’ ends together
47
Major onset of new mRNA
Frog - mid-blastula (12th cleavage division) Drosophila - cellular blastoderm (14th nuclear division) Sea urchin - mid-blastula Mouse - 8-16 cell morula
48
CLPG gene
Paternal copy | If mutated, causes enlarged rump in sheep
49
GCL Protein
Suppresses somatic cell differentiation and activates pole cells -genomic inert hypothesis

Acb 330 (1 decks)

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