Midterm Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Importance of play when a child is ill or hospitalized
A
children may miss out on other social interactions and feel isolated so play is important
- helps nurse build relationship with child
- good for child mental, physical, social and emotional development
2
Q
safety and comfort measures to be implemented when feeding infants and young children
A
- small amounts of food are introduced at first (1tsp), placed on the back of the tongue
- pureed foods are common at first and gradually thickened and amount of solid food are gradually increased as infant/child becomes familiar
- single ingredient foods are introduced to determine allergies
- to determine tolerance, one kind of food if offered in a 4 day- 1 week period
- new food should not be introduced when sick because adverse responses may not be effectively assessed
3
Q
bottle mouth carries (cavities)
A
often common in infants and toddlers, results from leaving the bottle in all night or day with a sweet or milk beverage
4
Q
what needs to be documented related to child’s nutritional and oral are needs
A
- injuries to the mouth
- inadequate balance of diet
- discolouration of teeth or tooth decay
- child’s oral hygiene routine
5
Q
Causes, S&S, Interventions and teachings associated with poisonings
A
causes: medications, cleaning supplies, chemicals, gardening supplies, plants
S&S: restlessness, agitation, seizures, coma, airway obstruction, hypoventilation, hypoxia, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, nausea , vomiting, pallor, constipation
Interventions: remove access to poison, prevent further absorption, call the poison control centre, provide supportive care and seek medical attention asap
6
Q
Legalities and circumstances for use of restraints or protective devices
A
- must have a dr or physicians orders
- must be explained to child and parents or guardian
- correct documentation about time, device use, location, childs reaction and circulatory checks, and why its being used
- may be used on a child or infant who is incompliant, aggressive, combative or is unable to calm down
7
Q
safety and comfort issues related to use of restraints
A
- trauma
- may restrict circulation
- ## may cause rash or irritation from constant rubbing
8
Q
documentation relating to restraints or protective devices
A
- correct time. device use, its location, child’s reaction and circulation checks, why it was used and when it will be taken off or when the child will be checked on
9
Q
Signs of child abuse
A
Appearance: disheveled, unhygenic, not dressed properly for the weather, body type or age, brusies
Child’s behaviour: inappropriate language use, low self-esteem, talks down about self, social isolation, child displays sexualized behaviour
Parents or caretakers behaviour: does story match up to childs injuries, are they clingy to the child and watch very closely to what the child says or tries to speak for them
10
Q
legal and ethical responsibilities if abuse is suspected
A
- must report suspicions of child abuse to local authorities
Documentation should be:
- factual and objective
- maintain confidentiality
- note observed interactions between child and caregiver
11
Q
behavioural indicators of pain in infants and children
A
- distressed facial expressions
- irritability to touch
- crying with or without tears
- tense body
- screaming or groaning
- may withdraw from interactions with their surroundings
12
Q
nursing assessments that should be reported and documented
A
- abnormal vital signs
- concerns from caregivers that are not normal for the child
- any physical concerns (sunken in fontanelle from dehydration or bulging which is ICP)
- rashes or lesions
- lung and heart sounds upon auscultation
13
Q
information about physical assessment of the child that should be included with health teachings
A
- extreme irritability and pupils that are unequal should be reported right away as they the child could be hypotensive
- mottling of the skin of the extremities may be normal in young children because of their immature temperature control mechanisms
- skin should be assessed for rashes and lesions
- abdomen should not be distended or tender
14
Q
urine specimen collection from an infant or small child
A
- clean and dry the infants skin, avoid putting anything on the skin
- apply the urine collector to the tiny area of skin between the anus and perineum. Fit the remainder of the urine collector to the rest of the genital area
- recover the specimen, drain the bag into a clean beaker or specimen bottle by removing the tab in the lower corner or seal the specimen inside the collector itself by folding the sticky adhesive together
- place the collector with specimen in a plastic bag
- small infants, a cotton ball may be placed at the opening of the collector, aspirating the cotton ball with a syringe can retrieve even a small amount of urine
- replace infants clean diaper, position in crib and raise side rails.
- remove gloves perform hand hygiene
- label specimen container for transport to lab according to hospital protocol
- document in medical record amount of urine collected and time sent to laboratory
15
Q
information to be reported and documented related to a urine of stool specimen
A
- amount of urine or stool collected, the time it was sent to the lab, colour, consistency odour and purpose of collection
- any abnormalities in the lab results should be reported such as bacteria. high protein urine levels
16
Q
Edema
A
- blood flow to the kidneys is decreased and the glomerular filtration rate slows
- this causes both fluid and sodium to be retained. this can cause puffiness about the eyes and occasionally the legs, feet and abdomen and urine output may decrease
17
Q
Hypernatremia
A
causes: inadequate fluid intake or losses, diabetes, vomiting or diarrhea and excessive sweating
S&S: thirst, decreased urine output, confusion, lethargy or coma and seizures
18
Q
Hyponatremia
A
causes: water intoxication, diarrhea and vomiting
S&S: anorexia, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, lethargy, coma, frequent seizures under 6 months
Treatment: oral electrolyte fluids, hypertonic saline infusions, monitor serum Na levels, assess LOC
19
Q
Hyperkalemia
A
Causes: renal disease, metabolic acidosis case by diarrhea, IV overload, blood transfusion, medications, prolonged nausea and vomiting, burns and rhabdomyolysis
S&S: muscle weakness, diarrhea, mental confusion, abdominal cramping, cardiac arrhythmias to cardiac arrest, respiratory failure and numbness of extremities
Treatment: monitor urine output , stop IV infusions contains k+, observe SOB, restrict k+ rich foods, IV insulin, IV glucose, hemodialysis k+ wasting diuretics, salbutamol
20
Q
hypokalemia
A
causes: diuretics, CHF, nephrotic syndrome, diarrhea, prolonger NPO status, vomiting and naso gastric suctioning
S&S: muscle weakness, lethargy, kidney and respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure
21
Q
Hypocalcemia
A
causes: chronic generalized malnutrition, diet low in vit D and calcium, uremic syndrome, burns or wound drainage, acute pancreatitis
S&S: serum levels in infants and preterm babies, numbness and tingling of extremities, tremors and cramps
22
Q
hypercalcemia
A
causes: TPN with excess calcium, prolonged immobility, mega doses of vit A and D, disease process (malignancy, hyperparathyroidism)
S&S: nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue and skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, cardiac arrhythmias
Treatment: serum calcium levels, Gi functioning, LOC, increase fluid intake, high fiber diet, avoid calcium rich foods, weight bearing exercises
23
Q
metabolic acidosis
A
causes: child has ingested acids, ASA or antifreeze, ketoacidosis, kidney disease
S&S: increased respirations, confusions, headache, cardiac issues
24
Q
Metabolic alkalosis
A
causes: hypokalemia, severe vomiting, pyloric stenosis, removal of gastric contents
S&S: decreased respiratory rate, cramping, confusion, lethargy
25
information to report and document related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- vital signs
- intake/output
- daily weight
- skin turgor/temp, fontanelles, mucous membranes
- level of consciousness
26
Clubfoot
```
Aka TEV (talipes equinovarus)
One of most common skeletal deformities
Foot is generally adducted and there Is a short or tight Achilles tendon
Causes: unknown but possibly due to abnormal fetal development during week 9&10, family tendency, leads to abnormal muscles and joints and contractures of soft tissues
Treatment: passive massage and stretching
Serial casting, splinting, special boots, surgical intervention
```
27
Hip Dysplasia
Abnormality of the hip joints which can develop in utero, infancy or childhood
Untreated can lead to permanent disability
Diagnosis: usually discovered at birth or periodic health exam during 1st and 2nd month of life
Ortolanis Sign (click heard birth to 3 month)
Shortening of leg
Difficulty walking or weight bearing
Xrays unreliable until 3-6 months
Treatment: splinting pavlik harness
Bryant's traction hips are flexed 90 degree position with buttocks off bed for 2-3 weeks followed by hip spica cast
Surgical: closed reduction under GA
28
A nurse is performing a physical assessment on an infant. The infant has good head control with no head lag, sits with support, and is able to roll from back to abdomen unassisted. The nurse is aware that the infant is likely within which age group
7 to 8 months
29
the best and richest play for an infant is when
the caregiver is involved in the play and responds to the child
30
a caregiver whose baby has separation anxiety and stranger anxiety asks the nurse how old babies are when these anxieties go away. The best reply by the nurse is that stranger and separation anxiety emerge at appro 8-12 months of age and will disappear at
36 months
31
a family is planning to integrate solid foods into the infants diet. Which food would be recommended for an infant
cereal
32
a toddler is suspected to have compromised circulating blood volume. Which assessment would be the most important for the nurse to assess specifically for the evaluation of circulating blood volume
inspection of capillary refill
33
Which factor is the most important in prevention of pediatric obesity
parental influences in developing food attitudes and practices
34
the parents of a toddler who is a "picky eater" are seeking advice from the nurse. What would the nurse suggest
provide a snack every 1 to 2 hours
35
parents ask the pediatric nurse how soon before surgery they need to prepare their school-age child for it. Whats the best answer
2 - 4 days before the surgery
36
what approach would be best for the nurse to use when routinely asking adolescents about drug use?
Use a matter of fact, nonjudgemental approach
37
when communicating with children with special needs (physical or cognitive impairments), the nurse realizes that it is most imperative to
involve families and assess the child's skills and abilities
38
developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) can be assessed until an infant is 1 year of age. The test used to assess for DDH is
barlows maneuver
39
what is a primary nursing responsibility
to teach and guide caregivers to help them get a sense of understanding and a feeling of control
40
The nurse working with a school-age child notices that she appears calm no matter how stressful the situation and that she does not express any distress. The nurse will most take into consideration what ideas in working with this child?
some children hide distress well, and although outwardly calm, they may not be coping well
41
a young nurse on the adolescent unit in the hospital finds an adolescent asking questions about her personal life and wanting to get together socially after the hospitalization. What is the nurse's best response?
understand this response is related to developmental issues; however, be direct and honest in setting boundaries
42
when it comes to reporting pain, many children will
underreport or not report at all
43
A nurse is providing education to the parents of a child with a history of dehydration. What fluids should the nurse encourage the parents to offer the child upon discharge
pedialyte
44
When the nurse is assessing a child suspected of having dysplasia of the hip, what would be consistent with the first signs and symptoms of that diagnosis?
unequal leg length, asymmetry of the high and gluteal folds, and limited abduction
45
children with muscular dystrophy usually follow what course
progressive deterioration of muscles, including cardiac muscle and death in late teens or early 20s
46
Lumbar puncture
also referred to as a spinal tap, done to obtain spinal fluid for examination or to reduce pressure within the brain in conditions such as hydrocephalus or meningitis
47
electroencephalogram (EEG)
evaluates electrical activity produced by the brain, which can signify or rule out certain conditions, most commonly seizure disorders
48
computed tomography (CT scan)
head injuries, identify enlarged ventricles and areas of obstruction, hip dysplasia
- provides cross-sectional picture of the bone and its relationship to other structures within the area of examination
49
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
head injuries, osteomyelitis
- doesn't involve harmful radiation, produce detailed pictures of the brain, spinal cord, and soft tissue lesions, including slipped femoral epiphysis
50
transillumination
inspection of a cavity or organ by passing light through its walls, can be used for hydrocephalus
51
what are seizure disorders & the causes
sudden intermittent episodes of altered consciousness that lasts seconds to minutes and may include clonic and tonic movements
Causes:
Intracranial: epilepsy, congenital anomaly, birth injury, infection, trauma, degenerative diseases, vascular disorders
Extracranial: fever, heart disease, metabolic disorders, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, dehydration and malnutrition
Toxins: anesthetics, drugs and poisons
52
Epilepsy
characterized by recurrent attacks of unconsciousness or impaired consciousness
childhood epilepsy is classified into partial seizures and generalized seizures
Seizures lasting longer than 20-30 mins, emergency need treatment stat; IV anticonvulsants, resuscitation measures. can cause permanent damage/ death
Stay with child, protect from injury, observe seizure - where it started, time, characteristics or seizures, check respirations, other vital signs, LOC
53
febrile seizures
common in children b/w 6 months and 5 years of age, may be a genetic predisposition
- fever of 38.8, tonic/clonic
- can be prevented by teaching parents how to control a fever, appropriate use of antipyretics (acetaminophen) and cooling measures (removing extra clothing or blankets)
- loss of consciousness, confusion and tiredness after seizure, no arm or leg weakness
54
Grand Mal Seizures
also known as tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures that have three distinct phases:
- an aura (subjective sensation)
- tonic-clonic seizures
- postictal lethargy ( a short period of sleep after a generalized seizure)
55
Seizure treatments
```
Medication = depends on type of seizure. Ketogenic diet = High in fats and low in carbohydrates.
Surgical = Corpus callostomy; neuro stimulation devices, focused resections, laser ablation sx. Child is active in tx plans
```
56
Head injuries
traumatic damage to the head, force too great to be absorbed by the skull,
Causes: MVA's, child abuse, shaken baby syndrome, sports injuries
Concussion: mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), child becomes more susceptible
Assessment: change in LOC, confusion/listlessness/irritability, pallor, vomiting, increased head circumference, bulging fontanelles
57
bacterial meningitis
inflammation of meninges and CSF. most common in children < 1, another peak at 15-19. Hemophilus influenza type B, S pneumoniae, and nisseria meningitidis. Spread via blood streami following URTI, following lumbar puncture, or skull fractures
S&S:2-3 day history of URTI, drowsiness, photophobia, increasing irritability- r/t headaches, high pitched cry (infants)
Treatment: placed on respiratory precautions for 24hrs after antibiotics start, IV antibiotics for 10 days, hydration, ventilation, corticoid steroid to release intracranial pressure
Nursing interventions: single room, dim lit room, frequent neuro assessments, maintain IV (intermittent), V/s with intake/output
58
Encephalitis
inflammation of brain tissue, "sleeping sickness", can occur as a complication of disorders such as upper respiratory tract infections, measles, and lead poisoning
Causes: variety of organisms, children < 2 years morbidity, CNS response to irritation
S&S: headache, drowsiness, seizures in infants, fever, cramps, abdominal pain, vomititing, nuchal rigidity, delirium, muscle twitching and abnormal eye movements
Treatment: sedatives, antipyretics, seizure precautions, quiet environment, good oral hygiene, skin care, frequqent changes of position, O2 administered, adequate nutrition and hydration are maintained.
59
brain tumors
2nd most common type of neoplasm, occurs lower part of the brain (cerebellum or brain stem), etiology unknown
60
cerebral palsy
nonprogressive motor disorders caused by lesions in the carious motor centers of the developing fetal brain, involves problems w/ sensation and communication, secondary to musculoskeletal problems
Symptoms vary per child, could be mild to severe
• Warning signs: poor head control after 3 months old, stiff or rigid arms/legs, extreme irritability, pushing away/arching back, floppy, feeding problems- persistent gagging/choking
61
Spina bifida
“divided spine”, neural tube defects – neural tube develops weeks 3-6 gestation, varies in size & degree, associated with other abnormalities.
• MYELOMENINGOCELE Treatment: at delivery place in isolation with moist (NS) dressing on sack, observe for CSF leaks, lying prone with periods of side lying for relief, closure within 12-72 hrs after birth, maintain skin integrity
62
hydrocephalus
characterized by an increase of CSF within the ventricles of the brain which causes pressure changes in the brain and an increase in head size. May be congenital or acquired and results from an imbalance b/w production/absorption of CSF or improper formation of the ventricles. Commonly acquired by obstruction and S&S depend on where this obstruction is and the age at which it develops.
• In the infant: abnormally rapid head growth, growing fronto-occipital circumference, separated sutures/widened fontanels, tense bulging fontanels, bossing forehead; sunset eyes, dilated scalp veins, seizures, irritability; vomiting
• In older child: Headache upon wakening- improves with vomiting, Papilledema, Strabismus, Lethargic, confused, Forceful vomiting, Irritability, Sluggish unequal pupils, Ataxia
63
Strabismus
also known as squint
cross eye/lazy eye, there is a lack of coordination of eye movement, could be a result of weakness in the eye muscles
- use of an eye patch, and glasses, surgery if not correct by approx 1 yr
64
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva or mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
causes: bacteria, viruses, allergens, irritants, toxins, and systemic diseases
o Treatments: bacterial = topical antibiotic eye drops or eye ointment. Viral = comfort measures. Allergen = antihistamines. Warm compress.
parent and child taught to wipe secretions from inner canthus downward and away from the opposite eye
65
Otis Media
inflammation of the middle ear, occurs most often after upper respiratory tract infection and usually effects children b/w 6 and 24 months of age
S&S: hearing loss, loud speech, inattentive behaviour, speech development problems, rubbing or pulling on ear
Treatment: antibiotics, analgesics (acetaminophen), antipyretics, chronic ortitis media with effusion may need myringotomy (insertion of ear tubes) tubes usually out in 6-12 months
Complications: hearing loss, mastoiditis, speech problems
66
perforated ear drum
pressure causes intense pain, fever results from infection
67
mastoiditis
inflammation/infection of mastoid process
complication of acute otitis media
S&S: redness, tenderness, pain, swelling behind the ears, discharge, headache, swelling behind eyes
Treat with antibiotics
68
Important information to report and document related to common sensory and nervous system disorders are
signs and symptoms, vital signs, medications given, level of consciousness, PERRLA, weakness, spasms, anything reported that is abnormal for this child, when it began, any statements from the child or family
69
barlows test
The Barlow maneuver is a physical examination performed on infants to screen for developmental dysplasia of the hip.The maneuver is easily performed by adducting the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly
70
bone scans
helpful in identifying pathological conditions that may not clearly be seen on a routine x ray study, unreliable until 3-6 months of age
71
traumatic fracture
simple fracture: bone is broken but skin over area is not
compound fracture: wound in skin accompanies the broken bone, added danger of infection
green stick fracture: incomplete fracture in which one side of he bone is broken and other is not, common in kids
72
scoliosis
Refers lateral s-shape curvature of spine. Thoracic vertebrae are affected. In severe cases: organs may be compressed & expansion of rib cage may be impaired.
o Causes: usually idiopathic, result of growth spurts, poor posture, leg-length discrepancy, hip or knee contractures, pain, associated with neuromuscular disorders, genetic (autosomal dominant trait) Treatment:
• Curves 25-40 degrees: wearing of a brace & exercises.
• Curves greater than 40 degrees: surgery – spinal fusion with rod insertion
• *Post op complications may include: infection, spinal damage.
73
osteomyelitis
Infection of bone and bone marrow. Caused by bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery, from a nearby infection or via bloodstream. Staph is the organism responsible for 85%.
Common sites: foot, femur, tibia, pelvis.
o S&S: 2 to 7 day hx of pain, warmth, tenderness, decreased ROM, fever, irritability, lethargy
o Diagnosis: C & S of aspirated exudate, cultures of blood, joint fluid & infected tissue samples, bone biopsy, lab values, CT scan, MRI
Treatment: IV antibiotics, affected joint may be drained for pus, joint immobilization may use cast, ROM.
74
muscular dystrophy
progressive muscle degeneration, sex-linked inherited disorder on x chromosome, almost exclusively found in boys.
o S&S: early weakness between 3 and 7 years, hx of delayed motor development, calf muscles become hypertrophied, progressive weakness – frequent falls, clumsiness, contractures of ankles & hips.
Treatment: supportive to prevent contractures and maintain quality of life
75
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
inflammatory disease of joints, connective tissue and viscera
Treatment: reduce joint pain, promote mobility, nsaids, promote growth and development, help child and family adjust to living with a chronic disease, oral or injectable gold therapy, methotrexate.
76
Differences between adults and children have implications in assessments and nursing care:
Any damage to the epiphyseal plate can disrupt bone growth, deformities, bones are more pliable than adult’s bones, dislocations and sprains are not common, rapid growth of the skeletal frame
77
ambulation difficulties
S&S: bow legged, toe walking, toeing or pointing the toes inward while walking
Interventions: rehabilitation, ROM activities, get up slowly, take time, use transfer belt, boots
78
impaired skin integrity and tissue perfusion
S&S: redness, irritation, skin tears, wounds
| interventions: keep skin clean and cry, moisturized, dont scratch
79
developmental delays
encourage movement and activities, physical therapy, teaching parents about activities, occupational therapy and medications for diseases
80
impaired circulation
S&S, poor cap refill, pallor, cyanosis in extremities, weak pulse in extremities, reduced sensation, reduced movement
Interventions: ensuring cast or splint isnt tight, periodic circulation checks, placement of extremity, exercise, compression socks
81
Describe appropriate nursing assessments, interventions and documentation for a child in a cast and/or traction
- cast care/skin care given to patient and family, ROM exercises, traction care, good nutrition, education on circulation, vitals, pain, patient response, type of cast or traction used and why
82
oxygen saturation
measures the amount of oxygen being carried by red blood cells
83
chest xray
can detect cancer, infection or air collection in the space around a lung (pneumothorax), can also show chronic lung conditions, such as emphysema, cystic fibrosis as well as complications related to these conditions. heart related lung problems
84
arterial blood gases
measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to check how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
85
Asthma
Caused by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli that results in reversible constriction of the airways
patho: exposure leads to immune response -> inflammation. bronchospasm-> mucosal edema -> increased mucous production
S&S: cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, wheezing, harder time exhaling, anxiety
How to determine severity: PRAM (pediatric respiratory assessment tool)
Management: eliminate triggers, call doc if >2 attacks/week, use of peak flow meter, recuse meds (ventolin, bronchodilator), use of maintenance meds (corisone inhaler)
86
croup syndromes
Croup is a common viral illness in children. The virus causes swelling of the throat, including the larynx (around the vocal
cords) and the trachea (windpipe, or air passage from the throat to the lungs). The swelling in the throat can change your child’s voice and cause a harsh, “barky” cough. Children with croup can get stridor – a high-pitched breathing sound made when they take a breath in, which can lead to difficulty breathing.
o Treatment:
• Steam (shower): relax vocal cords & break stridor. Cold air vaporizer: cool air can help "shrink" the swollen tissues in the upper airway - this can make their breathing more comfortable and settle their coughing
• Calm/reassuring affect: cough may get worse if they get excited/upset/active
• Hydration: cool drinks can soothe throat, child may not be eating (NPO)
• Oxygen
• Medications: (reduce swelling in airways) steroids & epinephrine
87
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
responsible for 50% of cases of bronchiolitis in infants and young children and is the most common cause of viral pneumonia
common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms. Causes bronchiolitis.
o Early stages: common cold symptoms
o Later stages = lower resp: narrowing bronchioles from inflammation and mucus, air trapping in alveoli
o Complications: may lead to dehydration (prioritize breathing over eating), increased o2 needs, exhaustion (accessory muscles are not being used), glucose (limited reserve + not feeding well)
o Treatment: supportive, antiviral medication
88
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions and loss of electrolytes in sweat because of abnormal chloride movement, multisystem disease effecting pancreas, liver, kidneys and the intestines. Long-term issues include breathing difficulties and coughing up mucous as a result of frequent infections
o Clubbed fingers with CF: mucous buildup in lungs causes hypoxia
o CF – GI complications: Can take in enough food, but have altered pancreatic function/enzymes cannot break down. Diabetes – decreased insulin production with pancreatic function impairment
o Respiratory treatment/nursing care: bronchodilators, expectorants, postural drainage and percussion, breathing exercises, prevention of respiratory infections, exercise, prophylactic antibiotics
o GI treatment/nursing care: replace pancreatic enzymes, high in calories, increased protein, moderate fats, extra salt, give vit A,D,E, in water soluble form, extra fluids in hot weather
89
hypoxia
condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level
S&S: changes in skin colour, confusion, cough, change in LOC, fast heart rate, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, slow heart rate, sweating
Treatment: O2 administered, monitor respirations and oxygen saturation
90
atelectasis
complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area, it occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid
S&S: trouble breathing (SOB), increased heart rate, coughing, chest pain, skin and lips are cyanotic
Treatment: surgery, breathing tube, chest physiotherapy, medications
91
secondary infections
A secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection. It may be caused by the first treatment or by changes in the immune system. (ex. Pneumonia caused by bacteria after having an upper respiratory infection (like a cold) that was caused by a virus )
92
rectal prolapse (CF)
Frequent coughing or hard-to-pass stools can occasionally cause rectal prolapse. This means that part of the rectum protrudes, or sticks out, through the anus. About 20% of kids with cystic fibrosis experience this. In some cases, rectal prolapse is the first noticeable sign of cystic fibrosis.
- Mostly treated with surgery. If minor/caught early may be given stool softeners and push rectum back up with hand.
93
Deficiency of Vit A (CF)
People with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency are at risk of fat soluble vitamin deficiency as these vitamins (A, D, E and K) are co‐absorbed with fat. Vitamin A deficiency causes predominantly eye and skin problems.
94
respiratory distress
characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs.
S&S: shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and bluish skin coloration, accessory muscle use, tripoding
Among those who survive, a decreased quality of life is relatively common.
Treatment: Oxygen therapy
95
Identify pertinent information to report and document related to common respiratory system disorder
initial assessment and findings, history, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation reporting any lung sounds, medications, any abnormalities
