midterm Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are the three kinds of bone structures?
Compact Bone- forms the outer layer of the bone, Hard and solid layer
Spongy Bone- tissue located beneath the compact bone. Porous tissue has meshy appearance and contains many spaces that hold the bone marrow
Cartilage- flexible connective tissue found between bones. Cartilage cushions bones and allows for smooth movements. Found on end of bones and ribcages
When someone is infected by touching a doorknob or dirty table, what is that called?
Indirect contact
What are pathogens?
an organism that causes someone to become sick
When someone becomes sick by getting sneezed or coughed on, what is that called?
Direct Contact
What is the purpose of the first line of the defence and what is in the system?
Prevents entry
Skin- provides barrier to the body
Mucous membrane- traps and collects bacteria and sometimes kills or slows reproduction
Secretion from skin mucous membrane- provides acidic surface for bacteria to stop growth
hair- to trap and collect pathogens
“good bacteria”- destroys and traps pathogens
Use of adaptive Immune System and whats apart of the system?
Attacking specific intruders B lymphocytes (B cells) T Lymphocytes (T cells) Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen to attack any stored antigens as well circulate around body
What is the purpose of the second line of defence and what is in it?
Second Line of defence- prevents spread
- Phagocytes- engulfs and destroys pathogens
- Inflammatory response- prevents spread of injured or destroyed tissue and attracts phagocytes
- Fever- increases temperature to stop zinc from going to bacteria, which is needed for reproduction and repair
- Natural Killer Cells- encourages growth of cells that attacks viruses and releases chemicals that disinegrate structures
- Proteins- attacks viruses and prevents reproducing
Describe the difference between T and B cells
- Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop. Killer T-cells directly kill cells that have already been infected by a foreign invader.
- B cells (Bone Marrow)
- T cells (Thymus)
Describe the third line of defence and what its compromised of
Third Line of Defence- order of attack
- Antigen Specific- recognizes & acts against particular pathogens- capable of provoking immune response not usual in the body and will identify antigens to inactivate them and destroy them
- Systematic- immunity not restricted to initial infection and will spread around body
- Memory- Recognizes and becomes stronger against the same antigen if it so enters the body- if fail can bring fatal disease
- T-cells will destroy antigens and then identity their proteins to recognize them if they invade again
- T-cells may also recruit macrophages and prod them to be true killers to help combat certain antigen
What are the two kinds of immunity?
Naturally- during bacterial or viral infections where the body may had not showed any symptoms
Artificially- vaccines used with a weaker or dead version of the pathogen so that when the body reacts its ready for the real pathogen and attacks vigorously
What is an antigen?
The part of the invading organism deemed foreign
What is a macrophage?
The white blood cell in the mucus and lymph that eats the pathogens and displays antigen on their membrane
What is the specific defence helper T cell?
When contacted by the macrophages, secrets interleukins to stimulate B cells and Killer T cells
Whats the B cell?
It’s the cell that makes antibodies
What’s an antibody?
An antibody is specifically shaped to match the specific antigen shape
What do killer T cells do?
Kills infected host cells
What does the memory B cell do?
Remains after the pathogen is eliminated so antibodies can be made quickly is invasion happens again in the future
How many bones to infants have? Adults?
Infants- 300+
Adults- 206
What are the functions of your skeletal system?
Supports- works as frame work for your body
Protection- certain bones protect certain organs like the ribcage protects the heart and the skull protects the brain
Movement- muscles fuse too bone, hence helping with movement
Blood Cell production- red bone marrow produces white and red blood cells
Stores- yellow bone marrow stores fat, found in long bones
Susan promises Marv big sausage
What are the five kinds of bones?
Long Bones- greater length than width, usually curved for strength
Short Bones- approximately equal length and width
Flat Bones- thin in structure. Provides for protection and large surfaces of muscle to attach to
Irregular Bones- Complicated shape that’s based on their function
Sesamoid- develop in areas of tension
What are the 2 kind of bone marrow and what are the differences between the tow of them?
Red- hematopoietic tissue Bone cell forming tissue everywhere in infants Yellow- fatty tissue young to middle age develop in shafts does NOT produce blood
How to bones grow? When are they strongest and what causes them to weaken?
During puberty, sex hormones allow bones to become more dense
Bones are strongest between 18 & 30 and weaken after because of calcium loss
What is the process of bone growth?
O.O.C.C.O
Ossification- process in which bones are formed
Osteoblasts- cells that secret calcium phosphate and collagen to build bones (B= blast/builds)
Collagen- fibrous connective tissue
Calcium Phosphate- mineral that hardens phosphate
Osteoclast- responsible for breaking down bone
What are joints and what are their function?
joints is the place where bone meets
allow for various movement, sometimes no movement and other times for wide ranges of movement
