Midterm (Animals)

Question 1

Forms of Nutrient Acquisition

Answer 1

Sessile (surface absorption, filter feeding)

Mobile (hunting, searching, hiding)

Question 2

Passive Absorption

Answer 2

Taking up nutrients direction from environment through body wall

Question 3

Endocytosis

Answer 3

(Active)
Phagocytosis (pseudopodium)
Pinocytosis (forming endocytosis cavity)

Question 4

Passive Filter Feeding

Answer 4

• can generate currents
• have entrapment devices
• some use Bernoulli effect to increase rate of water current

Question 5

Bernoulli effect

Answer 5

fluid pressure drops as fluid velocity increases

Question 6

Fluid Feeding

Answer 6

Pierce & suck
Cut & lick
- usually use anticoagulants, sometimes analgesic

Question 7

Homodonty

Answer 7

all teeth functionally the same

ex: crocodile, sharks, reptiles

Question 8

Heterodonty

Answer 8

different teeth for different purposes

ex: humans, mammals

Question 9

Carnassial Teeth

Answer 9

carnivore teeth, for slicing

Question 10

Hypsodont Teeth

Answer 10

herbivore teeth, griding fibrous food

Question 11

Compression Teeth

Answer 11

pulverizing hard food

Question 12

Digestive System Types

Answer 12

Intracellular:
- for multicellular organisms, usually have one gastrovascular cavity
Extracellular:
- usually have compartmentalized alimentary canal

Question 13

Vertebrate Digestive System parts

Answer 13

Headgut:
- physically break down and partial digest
- saliva (amylase for starch, bicarbonate to neutralize acid)
Foregut:
- storage and digestion (crop)
- mucus (ease passage of food)
Midgut:
- acidic secretions
- digestion and absorption
Hindgut:
- basic secretions
- absorption of water and minerals
- harbors microbiome to help digest fibers

Question 14

Stomach secretions

Answer 14

Gastric juice

• pH 1.5
• pepsinogen convert pepsin to breakdown proteins
• promote B12 absorption

Question 15

Small Intestine secretions

Answer 15

Pancreatic Juice:
- protein & fat degrading enzymes
- bicarbonate
Bile: bile salts digest fat

Question 16

Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Answer 16

Gut size/complexity inversely proportional to brain size

- trade-off in nature

Question 17

Intestine surface

Answer 17

• microvili in small intestine enormously increases surface area with convolutions
• tight junctions between cells prevent food from squeezing through cells

Question 18

Short-Term vs Long Term Storage

Answer 18

Glycogen - Short Term
- water soluble
- bulky
- easy to metabolise
Fat - Long Term
- compact
- more energy per weight
- harder to metabilize
- synthesized by adipocytes and liver

Question 19

Energy Storage Regulation

Answer 19

Insulin and Leptin (related to hybernation)

Question 20

Direct Calorimetry

Answer 20

measuring heat production to infer MR

Question 21

Metabolic Rate

Answer 21

Heat energy released by unit time

- used to calculate energy requirements of animal

Question 22

Measuring metabolism

Answer 22

Heat generation corrolates to metabolism

1 colorie = 4.18 J

Question 23

Indirect Calorimetry

Answer 23

measuring heat production by looking at food intake and fecal output

Question 24

Respirometry

Answer 24

measure O2 consumption and CO2 production to infer heat production

Question 25

Double-Labeled Water

Answer 25

Using radiolabeled H & O to infer heat production

Question 26

Basal MR

Answer 26

- minimal physiological and environmental stress - usually fasting - usually endotherms

Question 27

Standard MR

Answer 27

- similar to BMR, but at a certain temperature | - usually ectotherms

Question 28

Field MR

Answer 28

- "normal" conditions in "normal" environment

Question 29

MR By Organ

Answer 29

70% of energy consumption used by 8% of body mass (heart, kidney, brain, lungs, gut) - 10% used for digestion - 70% used for basal metabolism - 20% used for other activities (locomotion)

Question 30

Cost of Locomotion per Body Mass

Answer 30

Rate of increase steeper for smaller masses | - large animals more efficient at moving long distances

Question 31

Cost of Locomotion per Transport Type

Answer 31

Running most expensive (most movement up/down) Flying is intermediate (can be lighter, more compact) Water is less expensive (more boyancy/viscosity)

Question 32

Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate

Answer 32

oxygen consumption per gram body weight MSMR = MR / M = aM^(-1/4) MR = aM^b (b usually 0.75)

Question 33

Why Small Animals have higher cost of locomotion

Answer 33

- smaller animals have more surface area, more drag - smaller animals need to move limbs faster to move - more fast-twitch (metabolically inefficient) muscles - more muscle shortening => higher cost

Question 34

Body size vs Max Velo

Answer 34

Linear with a kink - linear: larger animals have less SA drag - kinked: - sprinting takes fast-twitch muscles, glycogen reserves - mass need to overcome inertia, energy depleted before max speed

Question 35

Predicting MR with Body Weight

Answer 35

Follows power law, MR = aM^b "b" usually 0.75, different among different groups "a" different among endotherms & ectotherems: - endotherms need higher BMA to maintain hemeo - ectotherms MR usually measured at 20C, endo at 39C

Question 36

Allomety

Answer 36

Not isometric | Aspects that differ as scale changes (MR, for example)

Question 37

Hypotheses for Scaling Factor

Answer 37

Surface Area Hypothesis: - MR proportional to body surface because of heat transfer - square-cube law means slope should be around 2/3 - however, would only apply to endotherms Cross-sectional Area Hypothesis: - based on fractal property of how blood vessels branch in body, proportional to slope of 0.75

Question 38

Effect of Temperature on Ectotherms

Answer 38

Q10 of about 3

Question 39

Temperature Quotient

Answer 39

Factor by which a reaction rate increases for a particular temperature increase (usually Q10) Q10 = (R2 / R1)^(10/(T2 - T1)) Physiological processes usually 2-3 Usually dependent on range of temperature

Question 40

Ectotherm Thermal Acclimation

Answer 40

Q10 can change based on acclimation | Can happen on organism or tissue basis