Midterm Bank Flashcards by James Johnson

Which of the following best describes “abuse” of a substance?

a. drug-seeking behavior.
b. a definite pattern of use.
c. continued use of the drug despite negative
consequences.
d. to experience compulsion of use

continued use of the drug despite negative

consequences.

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Which statement about cocaine is NOT True?

a. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from
aminergic nerve terminals.
b. It blocks the reuptake of amine neurotransmitters from
the synaptic cleft into the presynaptic
nerve terminal.
c. Cocaine is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic
with powerful vasoconstriction effects.
d. Injecting cocaine gets to the brain faster than smoking
cocaine.

Injecting cocaine gets to the brain faster than smoking cocaine

Look up to verify, but i think this is correct, based off inhalation being the fastest way substances can get to the brain.

It’s true! I looked it up and came across it later when going through the notes..lol

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Drug dependence by addicts has been intensified due to

a. development of more efficient and faster ways of putting
drugs into the body.
b. more people discovering numerous plants that are
psychoactive.
c. mixing alkaloids and psychoactive drugs.
d. none of the above.

development of more efficient and faster ways of putting

drugs into the body.

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The psychoactive substance that is produced by fermentation of grains is

a. opium
b. cocaine.
c. alcohol.
d. Tobacco.

alcohol

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Which of the following plants do not contain caffeine?

a. poppy
b. coca
c. guarana
d. tea

Poppy

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Lime chewed with coca leaves facilitates absorption of cocaine across the oral mucosa by:

a. releasing more cocaine from the leaves
b. alkalinizing saliva so that more cocaine is in the
unionized form
c. softening the oral mucosa to facilitate movement of
cocaine into the blood
d. destroying salivary enzymes that normally detoxify some
of the cocaine

alkalinizing saliva so that more cocaine is in the

unionized form

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The discovery of brain chemicals that acted like psychoactive drugs led to

a. more understanding of the process of addiction.
b. more understanding of the process of mental illness.
c. new uses of therapeutic drugs to treat addiction and
withdrawal states.
d. all of the above.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

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A common drug used to manage pain, hydrocodone, is classified as a/an

a. stimulant
b. sedative
c. opiate
d. hallucinogen

Opiate

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The Reward/Reinforcement network in the brain is a/an _________________ system.

a. cholinergic
b. adrenergic
c. dopaminergic
d. serotoninergic

dopaminergic

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The hallucinogenic component in marijuana is which of the following substances?

a. delta-9 THC
b. cocaethylene
c. ascorbic acid
d. oxygenated cocaine

delta-9 THC

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Snorting which of the following can result in perforation of the nasal septum without the abuser feeling pain?

a. opium
b. cocaine
c. amphetamines
d. caffeine

Cocaine

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Medications used to manage psychiatric conditions:

a. work primarily on the endocrine system.
b. are actually powerful pain killers.
c. are used to rebalance irregular brain chemistry.
d. have no significant side effects.

are used to rebalance irregular brain chemistry.

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Which of the following routes of administration allows for the fastest effects on the brain?

a. injecting
b. inhaling
c. oral ingestion
d. transdermal absorption

Inhaling (7-10 seconds)

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Upon intra-venous injection, drug effects on the brain occur______________?

a. instantly
b. in 7-10 seconds
c. in 15 to 30 seconds
d. in 3 to 5 minutes

15-30 seconds

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The main barrier that drugs have to cross to affect the CNS is the

a. blood-brain barrier.
b. aorta barrier.
c. lymphatic barrier.
d. drug-brain barrier.

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

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Which of the following is a function of the new brain?

a. emotional memories
b. drug craving
c. heart rate
d. creativity

Creativity

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Which is NOT a type of tolerance?

a. select tolerance
b. pharmacodynamic tolerance
c. delayed tolerance
d. dispositional tolerance

delayed tolerance

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Which is a NOT a desired effect of psychoactive drugs?

a. to alleviate emotional pain
b. to get energy
c. to get a rush
d. to increase depression

to increase depression

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Which is NOT TRUE regarding the cardiovascular effects of cocaine use?

a. Tolerance develops in the same time frame as for the
euphoric effects .
b. It raises the risk of cardiac arrhythmias by increasing the
heart rate.
c. It can cause hypertension by constricting the peripheral
blood vessels.
d. It can weaken the walls of the blood vessels and cause a
stroke.

Tolerance develops in the same time frame as for the

euphoric effects

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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of long-term abuse of cocaine?

a. fornication
b. dental erosions
c. severe weight gain
d. seizures

severe weight gain

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Which of the following is correct for crack cocaine?

a. It has a higher melting point than powdered cocaine.
b. It is more water-soluble than powdered cocaine
c. Users are able to get a much higher dose into their brain
over a shorter period of time than
with powdered cocaine.
d. None of the above is True

Users are able to get a much higher dose into their brain
over a shorter period of time than
with powdered cocaine.

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Which of the following has NOT been a use for amphetamines?

a. to treat narcolepsy
b. to relax muscles
c. to stay awake
d. to reduce appetite

to relax muscles

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Ice is to methamphetamine as _______ is to cocaine.

a. alcohol
b. heroin
c. crack
d. marijuana

crack

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Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

a. GHB
b. betel nuts
c. khat
d. ma huang

GHB

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Which of the following is NOT True concerning nicotine? a. Nicotine suppresses appetite. b. Nicotine increases metabolism. c. Nicotine produces a rapid tolerance response. d. A chew of tobacco puts less nicotine into the bloodstream than one smoked cigarette.

A chew of tobacco puts less nicotine into the | bloodstream than one smoked cigarette.

The drug that most effectively suppresses the actions of the neurotransmitter, Substance P, is: a. aspirin. b. cocaine. c. heroin. d. morphine.

Morphine

Which is a possible deadly side effect of intravenous drug abuse? a. hyperventilation b. tachycardia c. convulsions d. HIV infection

HIV infection

The most common medical use of opioids is a. anxiety control. b. emphysema. c. analgesia. d. tumor suppression.

analgesia

Which is an effect of sedative-hypnotics? a. controls skeletal muscular spasms b. increased muscular coordination c. rapid speech d. increased inhibitions

controls skeletal muscular spasms

Sedative-hypnotic withdrawal symptoms can include a. fluid in the lungs. b. high blood pressure. c. rapid heart beat d. convulsions.

convulsions

Atropine (an antimuscarinic), used to mask the signs of narcotic use, will cause which of the following effects? a. bradycardia b. mydriasis c. miosis d. mitosis

Mydriasis

One of the reasons that GHB and Rohypnol® are similar to alcohol is their a. effect on the liver. b. legality. c. solubility. d. disinhibitory effect.

disinhibitory effect

Psychoactive drugs have been used throughout history to: a. Induce an altered state of consciousness b. alter one’s mood and change perceptions c. Reduce pain or enhance senses d. All of the above e. None of the above

ALL THE ABOVE

Narcotics will not cause which of the following? a. Cheyne-Stokes respiration b. Diarrhea c. Projectile vomiting d. Miosis

Diarrhea

Hypodermic injection of drugs bypasses natural protective barriers of the body and adds the danger of a. infections. b. psychosis. c. cancer. d. none of the above.

infections

Prior to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, OTC patent medicines were loaded with three of the following psychoactive substances - which is the exception? a. cocaine b. opium/morphine c. amphetamine d. alcohol

Amphetamine

Ingestion of poisonous mushrooms that have muscarine will cause which of the following effects? a. Increased heart rate b. hyperventilation c. hyperthermia d. diarrhea

Diarrhea

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant? a. khat b. betel nuts c. ephedra d. psilocybin

Psilocybin- is a naturally occurring psychedelic drug, with mindaltering effects similar to those of LSD and mescaline. The effects can include g processes, perceptual distortions, an altered sense of time, and spiritual experiences, as well as adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks

Large doses and overuse of stimulants can cause a. anxiety and paranoia. b. anger and aggressiveness. c. jitteriness and psychosis d. all of the above.

ALL THE ABOVE

The faster a psychoactive drug reaches its target in the CNS the a. fewer side effects it will have. b. greater its reinforcing effect. c. faster it is metabolized. d. less tolerance is encountered.

greater its reinforcing effect

Drug effects on the individual have been intensified due to A. development of more efficient and faster ways of putting drugs into the body. B. more people discovering numerous plants that are psychoactive. C. mixing alkaloids and psychoactive drugs. D. none of the above.

development of more efficient and faster ways of putting | drugs into the body.

The most popular psychoactive substance over the millennia has been A. opium. B. cocaine. C. alcohol. D. tobacco.

alcohol

The natural form of the hallucinogen LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is found in A. the root of the mandrake plant. B. a moss covering corn plants. C. the seeds of the ephedra shrub. D. a fungus which grows on rye/wheat plants.

a fungus which grows on rye/wheat plants.

Which of the following plants do not contain caffeine? A. poppy and hemp B. coca and kola nut C. guarana and maté D. tea and yoco

Poppy and hemp

Which is not True about tobacco? A. Columbus noted that the Native Americans used tobacco as a medicine. B. The Portuguese introduced tobacco to Japan and China C. Sir Walter Raleigh brought “tobacco smoking for recreation” to the court of Queen Elizabeth. D. Even though tobacco was a common plant in Europe before Columbus came to the Americas, no one had ever smoked it.

Even though tobacco was a common plant in Europe before Columbus came to the Americas, no one had ever smoked it.

The London Gin Epidemic was ultimately brought under control by A. prohibition of the selling or drinking of gin. B. heavy regulation on the production of alcohol. C. strict regulation of sales and stiff taxes on gin. D. all of the above.

All of the Above

Morphine is about _________ times more powerful than opium. A. 2 B. 5 C. 10 D. 20

10 times

One of the earliest Americans to write about the health dangers of drinking and to recommend temperance was A. George Washington. B. Benjamin Franklin. C. Thomas Jefferson. D. Dr. Benjamin Rush

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Which congressional act (that became the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) prohibited the manufacture and sale of any alcoholic beverage with above 0.5% alcohol? A. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) B. The Opium Exclusion Act (1909) C. The Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) D. The Volstead Act (1920)

Volstead Act (1920)

The sub group of sedative hypnotics that came to dominate the prescription market because they were safer than barbiturates are called A. second-generation barbiturates. B. nonbarbiturate tranquilizers. C. benzodiazepines. D. nonbenzodiazepine tranquilizers.

Benzodiazepines.

The discovery of brain chemicals that acted like psychoactive drugs led to A. more understanding of the process of addiction. B. more understanding of the process of mental illness. C. new uses of therapeutic drugs to treat addiction and withdrawal states. D. all of the above.

All the above

A common drug used at parties now, GHB (gamma-hydroxy butyrate) is classified as a A. stimulant (upper). B. sedative (downer). C. pain killer (opiate downer). D. psycho-stimulant (all arounder).

Sedative (downer)

The most widely abused prescription opiate is A. methadone. B. OxyContin®. C. Percodan®. D. Vicodin®.

Vicodin

Which of the following is not a stimulant (an “upper”)? A. opium B. cocaine C. amphetamines D. caffeine

Opium

T or F Although Cannabis was used in ancient times as a source for fiber and oil, for its edible seeds, and as a medicine, it was not used for its stupefying and hallucinogenic properties.

False

T or F The chewing of coca leaves in South America was mostly among the common people since the nobility thought it was a dirty habit.

False

T or F Although marijuana was used extensively by those in the 1960s “hippie movement” and at the “Summer of Love” in 1967, amphetamines and methamphetamines were not popular yet, so were not used

False

T or F Overall illicit drug use has declined since its peak in 1979 and 1980.

True

T or F The age of first use of almost all psychoactive substances has gone down.

True

T or F The use of needles to inject street drugs has been one major cause of the spread of the HIV virus that leads to AIDS

True

T or F Today’s marijuana is less potent than the marijuana smoked in the 1960s.

False

T or F MDMA (ecstasy) and LSD act like stimulants as well as hallucinogens.

True

T or F Inhalants most often cause central nervous system stimulation leading to excitement.

False

T or F Organic solvents can be toxic to cells and organs

True

Which of the following routes of administration acts the slowest upon the brain? A. injecting B. inhaling C. oral ingestion D. contact (transdermal) absorption

Contact (transdermal absorption

Another word for putting powdered cocaine under the tongue is A. contact absorption. B. sublingual. C. buccal. D. insufflation.

Sublingual

A child’s circulatory system contains about how much blood? A. 3–4 quarts of blood B. 5–6 quarts of blood C. 7–8 quarts of blood D. 9–10 quarts of blood

3-4 quarts

How may nerve connections are in the nervous system?

100 trillion

Which of the following is a part of a neuron? A. blood-brain barrier B. terminals C. capillaries D. synaptic gap

terminals

``` The gap between neurotransmitters is the " A. synapse. " B. vacuole. " C. axon. " D. soma. ```

Synapse

``` Within the neuron, what is stored in vesicles? " A. mitochondria " B. neurotransmitters " C. axons " D. sodium ions ```

Neurotransmitters

When a substance originates outside the body, it is A. endogenous. B. exogenous. C. synthetic. D. all of the above.

Exogenous

The mechanism that accepts neurotransmitters is a A. neuron. B. receptor. C. antagonist. D. agonist.

Receptor

Drugs that bind to receptors and block the effects of neurotransmitters are A. agonists. B. inverse agents. C. antagonists D. reverse agents

antagonists

Which is not typeof withdrawal A. pharmacodynamic withdrawal B. purposive withdrawal C. nonpurposive withdrawal D. delayed withdrawal

pharmacodynamic withdrawal

The T in SPECT means

Tomography

Which is NOT a genetic research technique? A. twin studies B. retrospective studies C. biologic family records D. liver biopsies

liver biopsies

Which will NOT cause a sober mouse to become an alcoholic mouse? A. nutrition B. genes C. stress D. excess alcohol

genes

T or F When there is internal conflict, the new brain will usually override the old brain.

False

T or F The nucleus accumbens is found in the old brain.

True

T or F Psychoactive drugs cannot create sensations or feelings that don’t have a natural counterpart in the body.

True

T or F The neurotransmitter most responsible for stimulating the reward/reinforcement center is GABA.

False GABA is an nhibitory neurotransmitter that is essential for the proper function of your brain and the central nervous system, and has the effect of reducing excessive brain activity and promoting a state of calm.

T or F The most addicting drug is alcohol.

False

Which of the following is NOT True about cocaine? A. Cocaine grows mainly on the slopes of the Andes Mountains in South America. B. The United States consumes 80% of the world’s cocaine C. Cocaine refinement technique is a simple 4- to 5-step process. D. There is speculation that Robert Louis Stevenson wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde under the influence of cocaine.

The United States consumes 80% of the world’s cocaine

Which of the following is True of cocaine hydrochloride? A. It is 200 times more powerful by weight than the coca leaf. B. Sigmund Freud never used cocaine and felt it was an extremely dangerous drug. C. It cannot be injected intravenously. D. Cocaine was never drunk, it was only snorted.

It is 200 times more powerful by weight than the coca | leaf.

What is the name of the metabolite produced when alcohol and cocaine are used together? A. delta-9 B. cocaethylene C. ascorbic acid D. oxygenated cocaine

Cocaethylene

Which is NOT True regarding the cardiovascular effects of cocaine use? A. There are no cocaine receptors on the heart itself." B. It raises the heart rate. C. It constricts the blood vessels. D. It can weaken the walls of the blood vessels and cause a stroke.

There are no cocaine receptors on the heart itself.

Which of the following is NOT part of the cocaine withdrawal syndrome? A. anhedonia B. decreased appetite C. anergia D. emotional depression

Decreased appetite

The combination of heroin and cocaine is known as A. a speedball. B. a kicker. C. a synergism. D. a roller coaster.

Speedball

The difference between the neurochemistry of amphetamines and cocaine is that A. amphetamines stimulate more release of catecholamines than cocaine. B. amphetamines block catecholamine reuptake but cocaine does not. C. amphetamines block the metabolism of catecholamines whereas cocaine does not. D. there is no difference in their effect on neurochemistry, only the amount of time the high lasts.

amphetamines block the metabolism of catecholamines | whereas cocaine does not.

Which of the following has the most caffeine content? A. dark chocolate (4 oz.) B. Coca Cola© (1 can) C. espresso coffee (4 oz. demitasse) D. Haagen Dazs© coffee ice cream (1⁄2 cup)

espresso coffee (4 oz. demitasse)

T or F All stimulants increase the chemical and electrical activity in the central nervous system.

True

T or F Snorting cocaine is a self-limiting method of using cocaine.

True

T or F Many of the abnormalities in the newborns of drug users have more to do with the mother’s lifestyle than the drug itself.

False

T or F Crack cocaine is not only stronger than powdered cocaine, it is an entirely different molecule, so it acts on different neurotransmitters

False

T or F The physical and mental effects cocaine and amphetamines are very similar

True

T or F Tolerance to amphetamines is pronounced

True

T or F ADHD is often treated with amphetamine like drugs

True

T or F Amphetamines are dangerous but fortunately over-the-counter diet pills are completely safe

False

T or F It is estimated that one person dies from secondhand smoke (mostly from cardiovascular disease) for every eight smoker deaths.

True

T or F The most important reason that people continue to smoke is an intense desire to maintain a certain nicotine level in the blood and brain to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

True

The neurotransmitter that transmits pain is A. endorphin. B. serotonin. C. substance "P." D. heroin.

Substance P

Which is a possible deadly side effect of using heroin intravenously? A. hyperventilation B. tachycardia C. convulsions D. HIV infection

HIV infection

A drug that stops the effect of heroin in the brain is A. Miltown. B. Valium. C. naltrexone. D. methadone.

Naltrexone

Methadone works by A. blocking a user's reaction to heroin. B. making the user nauseous if using heroin. C. substituting a long-acting opioid for a short-acting one. D. acting as a antidepressant.

substituting a long-acting opioid for a short-acting one.

Major heroin withdrawal symptoms usually last A. 12-24 hours. B.1-2 days. C.5-7 days. D. 1-2 weeks.

5-7 days

Which substance has been used to dilute heroin? A. baby laxative B. marijuana C. cocaine D. all of the above

BABY LAXATIVE

Which combination of drugs would probably be more dangerous? A. marijuana and heroin B. Valium® and alcohol C. mescaline and heroin D. diet pills and heroin

Valium and Alcohol

Barbiturates were supplanted as the sedative-hypnotic of choice by A. alcohol-based tonics B. benzodiazepines C. opioid painkillers D. chloral hydrate

Benzodiazepines

The first benzodiazepine was A. Xanax B. Halcion C. Librium D. Dalmane

Librium

T or F The ancient Egyptians used opium for its medical properties

True

T or F Fentanyl is stronger than morphine

True

T or F Heroin mimics the body's own pain messengers.

False

T or F Codeine can control diarrhea.

True

T or F The majority of heroin users are unemployed and live on the street

False

T or F Darvon® will help suppress heroin withdrawal.

True

T or F Tolerance to the physical and mental effects of increased doses of sedative- hypnotics increases at the same rates.

False

T or F The most dangerous barbiturates are the long-acting ones, such as phenobarbital.

False

T or F Low level use of benzodiazepines over an extended period of a year or more will cause physical dependence.

True

T or F The liver alters Valium® into a more potent drug

True

T or F Due to a large margin of safety, overdosing (i.e., dying) with benzodiazepines is difficult.

True

T or F Withdrawal from heroin is more dangerous physically than withdrawal from alcohol or sedative- hypnotics

False

Cravings to use psychoactive drugs resides primarily in the A. medulla oblongata of the brain stem B. cerebellum C. old brain D. new brain

Old brain- When you get your fix, the nucleus accumbens will say thank you! new brain - societal restraints and inhibitions mediated by new brain

Addiction memories including euphoric recall are orchestrated by the A. medulla oblongata of the brain stem B. cerebellum C. old brain D. new brain

old brain– survival adaptations. In drug abusers the old brain overrides new brain.

In addition to heredity, what other two factors have a major role in creating a vulnerability to develop substance dependency? A. low intelligence and low level of education achievement B. morality (willful misconduct) and character disorders C. environment and use of psychoactive substances or participation in compulsive behaviors D. ethnicity and low social/economic status

environment and use of psychoactive substances or | participation in compulsive behaviors

T or F Children are more vulnerable than adults to the effects of drugs because they have less blood in their circulatory system and their organs are immature.

True

T or F Craving to use psychoactive drugs is primarily a new brain activity

False, its an old brain activity

T or F The bloodbrain barrier does not become fully functional until about two years of age.

True

T or F Withdrawal from amphetamines will cause seizures.

False

Atropine (an antimuscarinic), used to mask the signs of narcotic use, will cause which of the following effects? ] A. bradycardia B. mydriasis C. miosis D. mitosis

Mydriasis b/c narcotics cause pinpoint pupil

Midterm Bank Flashcards

(130 cards)