Midterm Ch. 1-3, 5-7

Question 1

What is the purpose of a therapeutic theory?

Answer 1

• To develop a specific type of helping relationship
• To organize information that brought by client
• Targeting specific thoughts, behaviors & emotional processes for change
• To help clients effectively make changes to resolve concerns

Question 2

What does it mean to be competent and who do they benefit?

Answer 2

• Competent: to be knowledgeable in all theories and be able to apply the theory that best fits the client
• Being a competent counselor benefits the client as the counselor will decide on what theory to utilize that will be most effective to produce change in the client

Question 3

What makes a diversity competent counselor?

Answer 3

• Requires attention to the needs of client and the theory that could work for that client that addresses their own diversity factors such as:
• language
• ability
• gender
• age
• religion
• If you are unsure of a diversity factor or how to work with a client look up existing research that may help you learn what approach may work for working with certain populations.

Question 4

Client’s need to feel heard, understood and accepted (T/F)?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Do counselors choose theories and techniques that are consistent with the counselor’s world view?

Answer 5

• False
• The counselor needs to choose theories and techniques that could help the client.
• For example, the counselor can use existing research to make inform clinical decisions & treatment planning.
• Counselors can also use evidence based treatment that are specific & structured for working with distinct populations.

Question 6

In what phase of treatment do counselors establish a therapeutic relationship and assess individual family and social dynamics?

Answer 6

In the initial phase counselors establish a therapeutic relationship and assess individual family and social dynamics

Question 7

Does the client contact the therapist in an aftercare plan?

Answer 7

While developing an aftercare plan, the counselor and the client are in the closing phase in which the counselor makes themselves unnecessary in the clients lives. However, once the sessions are over if counseling was successful the client should not contact the counselor.

Question 8

Do counselors disregard marginalization and discrimination in the assessment process?

Answer 8

• False
• Counselors need to consider any marginalization and discrimination as that may require the counselor to alter the treatment plan in some way.

Question 9

What are a counselor’s responsibilities when they meet unfamiliar diversity issues

Answer 9

When a counselor is unfamiliar with a diversity issue the counselor is ethically responsible to educate themselves about the client’s circumstances to better understand how best to engage and support them

Question 10

What is the value of a goal writing worksheet?

Answer 10

The goal writing worksheet combines:

• the client’s description of the problem
• findings from the case conceptualization to help you quickly identify the key personal and relational dynamics that should be targeted for change.
• becomes the foundation for a treatment plan

Question 11

In the closing phase what is usually addressed?

Answer 11

Closing phase client goals involve global issues and moving the client toward greater health

Question 12

Transference

Answer 12

When client projects on the counselor attributes that stem from unresolved issues with primary caregivers.

Question 13

Countertransference

Answer 13

Counselors project back onto clients, loosing their therapeutic neutrality & having strong emotional reactions to the client

Question 14

What area of consciousness did Freud focus work?

Answer 14

• The unconscious: memories, thoughts, desires that the conscious mind cannot tolerate & is the source of innate drives
• Techniques for making unconscious conscious are free association & dream analysis

Question 15

What is empathy?

Answer 15

The ability to grasp another person’s internal reality, to get in their shoes

Question 16

When Adler talks about basic mistakes, what does he mean?

Answer 16

• Faulty assumptions that develop in childhood as children make sense of their experiences, such as loneliness, parental anger, disappointment, trauma and loss. Basic mistakes can include those related to Over-generalization, False or impossible goals of security, Misconceptions of life and life’s demands, Minimization or denial of one’s basic worth, Faulty values
• To some extent everyone enters adulthood with mistaken notions

Question 17

According to Adler, what are the results of basic mistakes?

Answer 17

Basic mistake leads to a sense of inferiority and low social interest a person is more likely to develop symptoms

Question 18

What is a long-term goal of Adlerian counseling?

Answer 18

• Courage to develop social interest
• Develop the courage they need to face their insecurities and go to the places and do the things that they fear most; the counselor’s role is to encourage clients to take the risks needed to develop the social interest needed to fulfill their life tasks.

Question 19

26. Closing phase goals in Adlerian therapy seek to move the client toward ____?

Answer 19

Late phase goals aim to take the client beyond basic health (lack of symptoms) and toward developing habits of living that promote wellness and social interest in all six areas of functioning: work, friendship, love, self-acceptance, spirituality, and parenting

Question 20

What is one predominant intervention in all phases of Adlerian counseling?

Answer 20

Adlerians use psychoeducation in all phases of counseling (5-1h)

Question 21

Who was person centered counseling developed by?

Answer 21

Carl Rogers

Question 22

According to Rogers, what is necessary for therapeutic change?

Answer 22

• A good relationship with the counselor
• Empathy
• Counselor genuineness or congruence
• Unconditional regard

Question 23

What is another way of explaining unconditional positive regard?

Answer 23

• Valuing your client’s no matter what they say or do
• Founded on the idea that we are all human and that we all suffer and therefore have the capacity for both, good and evil
• Best motivated by a deep sense of compassion for how hard it is to be human and for how easy it is to get off track & make bad decisions

Question 24

What is counselor genuineness or congruence?

Answer 24

• “Being real” - can be difficult as there are ethical and legal boundaries
• Feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to client, available to awareness, able to live these feelings, be them, able to communicate them if appropriate.

Question 25

What is self-actualization?

Answer 25

Realizing one’s full potential; becoming more & more who someone is

Question 26

What do person-centered counselors view is a primary vehicle for change?

Answer 26

Person-centered counselors view the counseling relationship as the primary vehicle for change—not the counselor’s interventions

Question 27

What person-centered intervention is most important for attending to the internal world of the client?

Answer 27

- Focused listening or attending - Listening for and attending to descriptions of the person's’ internal world. - e.g.: woman says she feels her husband no longer loves her, therefore the counselor listens for a description of her INTERNAL emotional experience

Question 28

What person centered intervention would a counselor use when discovering inconsistencies in a client’s story?

Answer 28

- Confrontation | - Counselors effort to address discrepancies in verbalization, perceptions, and/or body language.

Question 29

What is the primary purpose of self-disclosure?

Answer 29

- To share a RELEVANT personal experience with the sole purpose of helping the client achieve their goals. - Purpose: to be a role model, offer hope, normalize the client’s experience.

Question 30

When would a counselor use immediacy?

Answer 30

to feel and immediately reflect on & discuss the emotion of the MOMENT

Question 31

How would a counselor respond if a client’s story is something he/she could relate to?

Answer 31

- Continue to focus on the client & probably should not respond by disclosing why they relate as the session is about the client, not about the counselor. - If the issue is something that they have not addressed & is affecting their performance or effectiveness in helping the client they should discuss in supervision.

Question 32

What is a measurable goal?

Answer 32

A goal that the client and counselor would be able to know when the goal is achieved

Question 33

What are some example of measurable goals?

Answer 33

- Able to sustain positive mood for a period of 2 months - Increase use of positive coping mechanisms for a period of 6 months - Decrease use of negative self talk to decrease self-consciousness for a period of 6 months

Question 34

At what point does the counselor identify useful interventions?

Answer 34

- Once you have conceptualized treatment and identified counseling tasks and client goals the counselor must identify useful interventions - The interventions should come from the counselor's chosen theory and be specific to the client

Question 35

What characterizes Freudian psychoanalysis

Answer 35

- A person’s history affects present behaviors and relationships. - There is an unconscious mind that exerts significant influence over present behavior. - The personality is structured into various substructures, such as ego, id, and superego. - A person’s personality is significantly impacted by early relationships in life, especially with one’s mother or primary caretaker. - Insight into one’s personality and internal dynamics can help resolve various psychopathologies. - Clients project onto the counselor interrelational patterns from earlier unresolved issues, most often with the clients’ parents; the transference of these patterns can be analyzed and used to promote change in the counseling relationship

Question 36

What therapeutic approach involved these three generic phases: listening, Interpretation, working through?

Answer 36

Psychodynamic counseling

Question 37

Is an Adlerian counselor an expert, an educator, a partner, or an objective witness

Answer 37

Educator: the counselor helping clients to understand the mistaken beliefs that inform their lifestyle and to help them improve their social relatedness, strive for goals that have meaning, and master the self (5-1a)

Question 38

What do the words positive growth refer to?

Answer 38

- The person-centered counselor views the relationship as two authentic humans in relationship; when the client experiences being allowed to be fully himself or herself in relationship, one’s inherent tendency to strive for positive growth is activated - people tend naturally toward positive growth, and thus humanists exude bountiful hope and enthusiasm and have faith in everyone’s potential for growth

Question 39

Why would a counselor engage a client from a position of warmth and empathy?

Answer 39

Rogers firmly believed that it was only in such a warm, genuinely empathetic environment that clients would feel safe enough to have the courage to: (a) identify, (b) experience, and (c) critically reflect on their inner life, namely, their emotional inner experiences

Question 40

What approach has the counselor focusing on how the client interacts with self and others?

Answer 40

Need to find!!!

Question 41

What is another name for the humanistic existential approach?

Answer 41

- These approaches are sometimes referred to as EXPERIENTIAL APPROACHES because of their focus on inner experience. - From this approach developed 3 separate counseling theories (a) Person-Centered counseling (b) Existential counseling (b) Gestalt counseling

Question 42

Competent use of a theory entail assessment and diagnosis? (T/F)

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What do the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches explore?

Answer 43

- Analyzing or conceptualizing personality structures and functioning, - Fostering client insight into their personality dynamics, and then - Working through these insights toward action.

Question 44

Where did interventions come from?

Answer 44

Psychoanalysis

Question 45

What are 3 interventions in Existential Counseling?

Answer 45

1. Search for meaning & promoting choice: - Help clients find meaning & purpose when facing life difficulties by redirecting their energy into how they choose to view and respond, rather than lamenting an unchangeable situation. - Counselors may do this by focusing on spiritual dimension, existential elements, or any other available source of reinterpretation 2. Acknowledging Existential Isolation: - Existentialists maintain that acknowledging this isolation is critical for creating life meaning and taking responsibility for one’s life E.g: not consciously acknowledging one’s own desires because a loved one would disapprove 3. Defining and Affirming Self: Achieving Freedom: - View symptoms as threats to the self, the counselor's attention is directed to gaining an understanding of the client’s subjective awareness of self and the perceived threats to the self - Counselor encourages self-affirmation in those contexts when the client feels threatened

Question 46

What are 3 interventions in Person-Centered counseling?

Answer 46

1. Self of the counselor: quality of relationship between counselor and client 2. Focused listening or attending: listening for and attending to descriptions of the person's’ internal world. e.g.: woman says she feels her husband no longer loves her, therefore the counselor listens for a description of her internal emotional experience 3. Summarizing: helps clients hear what they said in a different way because when another person skillfully summarizes emotionally difficult material, client’s often hear and feel things in a new way: the reality of a situation often comes into bold relief. Can be effective if: well timed, about emerging insights, client’s language, not biased by counselor’s worldviews.