midterm ch. 5

Question 1

Three Main Parts of the Brain

Answer 1

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

Question 2

cognitive functions
and movements

Answer 2

cerebrum

Question 3

coordination and
balance

Answer 3

cerebellum

Question 4

automatic
functions

Answer 4

brain stem

Question 5

Four Major Brain Regions Involved
in Reading

Answer 5

• occipital lobe
• parietal lobes
• temporal lobes
• frontal lobes

Question 6

These are located at the back of the
brain.

Answer 6

occipital lobes

Question 7

These are responsible for recognizing and interpreting visual information.

Answer 7

occipital lobe

Question 8

These are located above the occipital lobes and at the top of the back of the brain.

Answer 8

parietal lobes

Question 9

These integrate sensory information and combine tactile input with both sounds and visual information entering the brain.

Answer 9

parietal lobes

Question 10

These are located above the ears on either side of the brain.

Answer 10

temporal lobes

Question 11

These are responsible for hearing, some speech, and some memory.

Answer 11

temporal lobes

Question 12

the outer layer of the neocortex covering the occipital lobes is the

Answer 12

visual cortex

Question 13

The temporal lobes are covered by the part of the neocortex called the

Answer 13

auditory cortex

Question 14

These are located behind the forehead

Answer 14

frontal lobes

Question 15

responsible for reasoning, motor skills, higher-level cognition, and expressive language

Answer 15

frontal lobes

Question 16

The part of the neocortex that covers the frontal lobes is known as the

Answer 16

association cortex

Question 17

It is sometimes referred to as the “Grand Central Station” for the brain.

Answer 17

thalamus

Question 18

receives all the incoming information and sends it to appropriate areas for processing.

Answer 18

thalamus

Question 19

Broca’s area is named after ???, a French surgeon

Answer 19

Paul Broca

Question 20

Its functions include articulation of speech and comprehension of meaning.

Answer 20

Broca’s area

Question 21

Wernicke’s are is named after ???, a German psychiatrist

Answer 21

Carl Wernicke

Question 22

It is located in the left temporal lobe and adjacent to the parietal lobe.

Answer 22

Wernicke’s Area

Question 23

It is used for comprehending language, both spoken, written, and sign language.

Answer 23

Wernicke’s Area

Question 24

It is the band of fibers that connect the Broca’s area and the Wernicke’s area, and relay information between these two structures.

Answer 24

arcuate fasciculus

Question 25

It lies between the Wernicke’s area and the visual cortex.

Answer 25

angular gyrus

Question 26

It is responsible for recognizing symbols such as letter.

Answer 26

angular gyrus

Question 27

It is located in the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobe

Answer 27

cerebellum

Question 28

cerebellum is often referred to as the ???

Answer 28

little brain

Question 29

helps with the timing and synchronization of speech.

Answer 29

cerebellum

Question 30

It is embedded deep into temporal lobe.

Answer 30

hippocampus

Question 31

It is important for memory and the formation of new knowledge related to reading comprehension.

Answer 31

hippocampus

Question 32

It helps in linking information from different parts of the text to create a coherent understanding.

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

It includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the brain.

Answer 33

neuroimaging

Question 34

It allows neuroscientists to see the inside of the living brain.

Answer 34

neuroimaging

Question 35

Two categories of neuroimaging:

Answer 35

(a) structural imaging (b) functional imaging.

Question 36

It measures the electrical activity in the brain. It helps scientists see when there are areas of neurons that respond to specific stimuli.

Answer 36

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 37

It combines x-rays with computer technology to produce two-dimensional and three-dimensional images of slices of the brain. It shows the structure but not the function of the brain.

Answer 37

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT or CAT)

Question 38

It measures the amount of radiation and activity in various brain areas.

Answer 38

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 39

It shows the levels of deoxygenated blood in the brain cells.

Answer 39

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 40

The left hemisphere of the brain, particularly the regions in the posterior part of the left frontal lobe (Broca's area) and the left temporal lobe (Wernicke's area), is known to be crucial for language processing and reading comprehension.

Answer 40

reading networks

Question 41

The left superior temporal gyrus is heavily involved in ???, which is essential for decoding written words into their corresponding sounds.

Answer 41

Phonological Processing

Question 42

located in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, is specialized for recognizing and processing visual word forms. Neuroimaging studies have consistently shown that this region becomes highly active when individuals read words, suggesting its role in word recognition.

Answer 42

Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)

Question 43

The left fusiform gyrus, also known as the visual word form area, is involved in processing the visual features of written words, such as their letter shapes and word patterns. This region helps in recognizing familiar words quickly.

Answer 43

Orthographic Processing

Question 44

The left fusiform gyrus, also known as the

Answer 44

visual word form area

Question 45

a complex process that involves the integration of various brain regions, including the left angular gyrus and the left prefrontal cortex. These areas play critical roles in higher-order processes, such as understanding text, drawing inferences, and maintaining context.

Answer 45

reading comprehension

Question 46

Individuals with ??? often exhibit differences in brain activation patterns, with less activation in certain reading-related regions. This has led to a better understanding of the neurological underpinnings of reading difficulties and the development of targeted interventions.

Answer 46

dyslexia

Question 47

Longitudinal neuroimaging studies have revealed how the brain regions involved in reading change as children learn to read. These studies have shown that reading instruction can lead to changes in the structure and function of the reading network over time.

Answer 47

Developmental Changes

Question 48

It explored how the brain processes reading in bilingual individuals. It has demonstrated that bilinguals may engage additional brain regions when reading in their second language, reflecting the cognitive demands of language switching and translation.

Answer 48

bilingualism

Question 49

This information can be useful for tailoring reading interventions to specific needs

Answer 49

Individual Differences

Question 50

The brain undergoes rapid growth and development during ?

Answer 50

early years of life (infancy to early childhood)

Question 51

heavily rely on the language centers of the brain, the Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.

Answer 51

Literacy skills

Question 52

The brain exhibits ???, which enables it to adapt and reorganize itself in response to learning experiences.

Answer 52

neuroplasticity

Question 53

is important in the development of a person’s literacy skills.

Answer 53

Phonological processing

Question 54

Reading goes through a ???, which are associated with distinct brain activation patterns.

Answer 54

series of stages

Question 55

is closely related to other cognitive skills such as focus, memory, and executive functions.

Answer 55

Literacy

Question 56

These areas play critical roles in higher-order processes, such as understanding text, drawing inferences, and maintaining context.

Answer 56

left angular gyrus and the left prefrontal cortex