Midterm condensed

Question 1

cori cycle

Answer 1

conversion of lactate to glucose, prevents excess accumulation of lactate under anaerobic conditions

Question 2

gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

non carb substrates turned into glucose

Question 3

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 3

make ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2

Question 4

lactate vs lactic acid

Answer 4

lactic acid dissociates to release H+ and the remaining compound binds with sodium ion to form acid salt called lactate

Question 5

energy release from fat

Answer 5

called beta oxidation, yields 460 ATP, is the main fuel source when glucose is depleted, results in hydrogens for ETC

Question 6

protein breakdown

Answer 6

deamination of AA (ie removal of nitrogen), and the carbon skeleton enters metabolic pathways to produce ATP

Question 7

ATP-PCr energy system

Answer 7

supplies immediate energy for first 10 sec of high intensity PA. each muscle kg contains 3-8 mmol of ATP and 4-6x more PCr

Question 8

Short term glycolytic energy (anaerobic)

Answer 8

anaerobic glycolysis breaks down muscle glycogen, which gives energy to phosphorylate ADP during short and intense PA

Question 9

lactate producing capacity

Answer 9

increases w training and decreases due to motivation, glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes

Question 10

long term energy (aerobic)

Answer 10

balance between energy requirements by work muscles and ATP production

Question 11

limits of steady rate aerobic metabolism

Answer 11

fluid loss and electrolyte depletion

Question 12

factors determining VO2max

Answer 12

arterial O2 saturation, mixed venous saturation, O2 capacity of blood, circulation rate

Question 13

PCr - energy reservoir

Answer 13

also high energy phosphate compound! anaerobic source of phosphate bond energy, 4-6x more PCr than ATP, reaches mac energy yield in 10 sec

Question 14

cellular oxidation

Answer 14

oxidation of macros creates energy for phosphorylation, providing hydrogen atoms from catabolism
ATP synthesis is an oxidation-reduction reaction

Question 15

electron transport

Answer 15

electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen, and enough energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 16

macro catabolism stages

Answer 16

1 absorption, digestion and assimilation
2 degrading AAs, glucose and FA into acetyl CoA
3 acetyl CoA degrades into CO2 and H2O

Question 17

energy release from carbs

Answer 17

only anaerobic substrate, quicker than fat breakdown, supplies most energy for ATP resynthesis, CNS requires carbs, needed for fat catabolism

Question 18

anaerobic vs aerobic glycolysis

Answer 18

need for ATP determines which type. Anaerobic rapidly creates ATP and lactate but only extracts 5% of energy. Aerobic extracts 95%, converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and incl ETC

Question 19

glycolytic process

Answer 19

regulated by levels of fructose 1,6 diphosphate, oxygen and 4 key enzymes. includes 10 step creation of 2 pyruvate from anaerobic breakdown of glucose

Question 20

3 factors causing EPOC

Answer 20

body temp, blood returning to lungs, restoring O2 dissolved/bound to myoglobin

Question 21

rationale for interval training

Answer 21

rapid recovery and high intensity, effective overload, rapid O2 uptake recovery, relative balance between energy requirements and transfer

Question 22

specificity principle

Answer 22

local changes: greater BF in active tissue from incr circulation and more effective redistribution
vo2max: engage same muscles as in activity at level sufficient to stress CV system

Question 23

metabolic adaptations to anaerobic training

Answer 23

incr levels of anaerobic substrates, anaerobic enzymes, capacity to produce lactate and glycolytic enzymes

Question 24

metabolic adaptations to aerobic training

Answer 24

incr mitochondrial activity by 50% and capacity for respiratory control, and incr fatty acid oxidation

Question 25

CV adaptations to aerobic

Answer 25

cardiac hypertrophy, incr in PV, SV, CO, O2 extraction, BF distribution. Decr RHR And BP

Question 26

Pulmonary adaptations to aerobic

Answer 26

incr VE, TV, endurance. Decr O2 cost, breathing frequency

Question 27

contributions of high energy phosphates

Answer 27

food energy stored in ATP bonds, extract and transfer chemical energy for biologic work

Question 28

lactate formation & accumulation

Answer 28

lactate prod and clearance are equal at <50% of aerobic capacity. some produced at rest by RBC metabolism and enzyme activity limits. diffuses into blood or provides substrate for glycolysis

Question 29

role of CAC

Answer 29

releases 95% of energy, 34 ATP yield, formed when hydrogen oxidizes

Question 30

ATP yield from macros

Answer 30

fat - 460 ATP, aerobic carb - 32 ATP, anaerobic protein - carbon skeletons help form ATP, aerobic

Question 31

fat in a carb flame

Answer 31

fatty acids require intermediates from carb breakdown, and needs sufficient oxaloacetate to combine with acetyl CoA formed during beta oxidaton --> forms citrate, enters cycle

Question 32

interconversions

Answer 32

fat - nonessential AAs carbs - fats, nonessential AAs protein - carbs/fats

Question 33

lactate threshold

Answer 33

muscle cells cannot meet energy demands aerobically nor clear lactate and rate of production. untrained: accumulation at 50-55% of aerobic capacity. trained: accumulation at 80-90%

Question 34

recovery O2 uptake

Answer 34

decreases by 50% every 30 sec. small deficit after light PA cause quickly reaches SR, takes longer to recover after mod/intense cause takes longer to reach SR

Question 35

implications of EPOC

Answer 35

resynthesize ATP and PCr, resynthesize lactate to glycogen, O2 to blood, restore temp,HR and ventilation

Question 36

blood lactate concentration

Answer 36

decr formation and incr clearance thru endurance training

Question 37

infusing lactate - effect on glucose oxidation

Answer 37

decr glucose oxidation --> decr demand for blood glucose --> decr production to maintain homeostasis

Question 38

glycogenesis

Answer 38

synthesis, facilitated by glycogen synthase , low cellualr activity

Question 39

glycogenolysis

Answer 39

breakdown, in high cellular activity, glycogen phosphorylase removes a glycose from glycogen chain