Midterm - Cow

Question 0

abnormalities of the penis and prepuce?

Answer 0

1. neoplasia
2. persistent frenulum
3. prolpased prepuce
4. hematoma
5. skin separation
6. laceration

Question 1

seminal vesiculitis
what is it?
how is it dx?

Answer 1

the only frequently diagnosed disease of the bovine accessory sex glands

dx = palpation and by precipitate and cells in semen

Question 2

fibropapilloma

Answer 2

most commonly seen in young bulls (though they are common among all ages)

• mild cases clear after exicision
• NOT considered a venereal disease

Question 3

penile hematoma

Answer 3

caused by trauma during bleeding - usually a tear that causes significant bleeding and swelling

• usually followed by a prolapsed prepuce
• requires 3-4 months rest
• sometimes can require surgical correction

Question 4

prolapsed prepuce

• breed predilection?
• what is it?

Answer 4

• most common problem of the prepuce
• most common in Bos indicus breeds with pendulous prepuce
• angus bulls can also be predisposed
• injury to preputial tissue with edema
• sequel to hematoma of the penis

Question 5

scrotal circumference

Answer 5

most easily reproduceable measurement for testicular mass in the bull

Question 6

what 3 things are highly correlated in bulls up to 3 years of age

Answer 6

1. scrotal circumference
2. testicular size
3. sperm production

Question 7

benefits of using bulls with large scrotal circumference

Answer 7

1. earlier puberty for sons and daughters
2. reduced testicular hypoplasia or degeneration mixed with breeding herd
3. daughters have more active ovaries

Question 8

what is the rule with age and scrotal circumference

Answer 8

15 - 18 months = 31 - 32cm

18 - 24 months = 32 - 34cm

Question 9

what nerves are involved with erection?

Answer 9

a sacral parasympathetic nerve including the internal pudendal nerve

Question 10

how is semen usually collected? what is usually used to cause ejaculation?
what alternative method can be used?

Answer 10

1. electro-ejaculation

2. rectally massage the pampullae

Question 11

in order for a bull to be reproductively sound, what percent of progressive motility is required?

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

what is the minimum recommended threshold for sperm morphology?

Answer 12

70% normal spermatozoa

Question 13

primary sperm abnormalities generally involve what?

Answer 13

the seminiferous tubules

Question 14

secondary sperm abnormalities generally involve what?

Answer 14

epididymis or vas deferans

Question 15

what is required to be classified as satisfactory breeding potential

Answer 15

1. must pass minimum threshold of: scrotal circumference, % motility, % normal morphology
2. does not show genetic, infectious or other problems

Question 16

unsatisfactory

Answer 16

• below one or more of the following thresholds: scrotal circumference, % motility or % normal morphology
  
  • and highly unlikely to ever improve
• any genetic faults or irrevocable physical problems (including infectious diseases which could compromise breeding or fertility

Question 17

deferred

Answer 17

• suggest re-examination date for bulls that do not fit in either satisfactory or unsatisfactory category
• it is for bulls that are substandard but have the capability to improve
• the most common reason for deferring a bull by far is HEAT STRESS: it will cause motility to decrease and will increase the number of abnormal sperm

Question 18

2 venereal diseases to worry about:

Answer 18

1. protozoa: protozoal trichomonas fetus (most common)

2. bacteria: campylobacter venerealis fibriosis

Question 19

at the end of the day, what do we want to see in a BSE?

Answer 19

normal scrotal circumference:
15 - 18 months: 31 - 32cm
18 - 24 months: 32 - 34cm

30% sperm motility
70% normal sperm morphology

Question 20

VWP =

Answer 20

40 - 70 days

Question 21

dry off period

Answer 21

60 days

you want dry off period to occur at 7 months of gestation.

Question 22

4 reproductive indices of reproductive efficiency

Answer 22

1. VWP
2. estrous detection rate
3. conception rate
4. pregnancy loss

Question 23

pregnancy rate =

Answer 23

estrous detection rate x conception rate

Question 24

why do we have a VWP?

Answer 24

for uterine involution and early onset of ovarian cyclicity

Question 25

VWP depends on 4 things

Answer 25

ideal interval to pregnancy pregnancy rate repro program for first AI fertility of first AI

Question 26

PGF2alpha causes

Answer 26

luteolysis

Question 27

GnRH causes

Answer 27

LH peak and ovulation as well as FSH and recruitment of new follicular pool

Question 28

in beef cattle we expect a pregnancy rate of about ___? | what is their formula?

Answer 28

``` 80% # cows pregnant / # cows with bulls during breeding period ```

Question 29

pregnancy rate for dairy cattle is about ___? | what is their forumula

Answer 29

average 17% of pregnant cows / # eligible cows to become pregnant

Question 30

what is the primary sign of estrus in a cow?

Answer 30

standing to be mounted

Question 31

what is the most common cause of failure to exhibit estrus?

Answer 31

ketosis - negative energy balance

Question 32

what 3 things happens when a cow is in negative energy balance?

Answer 32

low LH due to low glucose low insulin growth factor

Question 33

what type of cysts are most common in cows

Answer 33

luteal cysts - wasn't enough LH to complete ovulation but there was partial luenization

Question 34

dx a follicular cyst

Answer 34

1. no CL | 2. anovulatory follicle > 25mm checked 2x 10 days apart

Question 35

tx for follicular cyst

Answer 35

best treatment is ovsynch!!

Question 36

what type of tumor is most common

Answer 36

granulosa cell tumor

Question 37

pyometra

Answer 37

1. purulent exudate in lumen of uterus | 2. persistant CL so she is in anestrus

Question 38

two types of pyometra

Answer 38

post-partum - ovulates when there is infection and progesterone makes bacteria go crazy post-coital - venereal disease

Question 39

tx of pyometra

Answer 39

PGF2alpha

Question 40

segmental aplasia | what is it and tx

Answer 40

ovary has a CL but is missing a uterine horn, so you have a persistant CL bc the horn is missing so you can't release PGF2alpha tx: unilateral ovariectomy

Question 41

infectious causes of infertility (5)

Answer 41

1. bovine viral diarrhea 2. herpes 3. lepto 4. clostridial disease 5. e.coli