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WHAP > Midterm Essential Vocab > Flashcards

Midterm Essential Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

three Confucian values

A

ren: courtesy
li: propriety
xiao: filial piety

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2
Q

Confucian book of works

A

the Analects

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3
Q

two Confucian scholars

A

Mencius : ren :: Xunxi : li

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4
Q

Daoist value

A

wuwei: complete withdrawal

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5
Q

founder of Daoism

A

Laozi

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6
Q

Legalist values (two)

A

military + agriculture

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7
Q

founder of Han

A

Liu Bang

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8
Q

important Han emperor (What did he do?)

A

Han Wudi: built Confucian university to educate bureaucrats, conquered the Xiongnu

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9
Q

Fall of the Han

A

*economic failure
*Yellow Turban and other rebellions
*internal dissent
*population decrease due to pathogens
*land distribution issues
LEADS TO…
Nomads pour in! sinicization!!!!! Buddhism and Daoism come into favor.

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10
Q

Tech. Accomplishments in Han

A

paper, iron tech., silk

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11
Q

foundings of Mauryan Empire

A

Alex moves out, leaving power vacuum. Chandragupta Maurya founds empire.

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12
Q

Ashoka accomplishments

A

encouraged trade, strong bureaucracy, endorsed Buddhism, conquered, strong economy

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13
Q

Mauryan fall?

A

economic issues

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14
Q

Jainist principles

A

very strict, no violence!

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15
Q

Buddhism (founder, truths…)

A

Siddhartha Gautama

  1. All life has suffering.
  2. Desire is the cause of suffering.
  3. To end suffering, stop desiring.
  4. To eliminate desire, follow the Eightfold Path.
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16
Q

escaping the cycle word

A

nirvana

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17
Q

basic doctrine of Buddhism word

A

dharma

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18
Q

Two Types of Buddhism

A

Mahayana: less strict
Theravada: more strict

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19
Q

What are those kind enlightened people?

A

boddhisatvas

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20
Q

name for Greek city-state

A

polis

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21
Q

Persian Wars lead to what and what?

A

Delian League –> Peloponnesian War

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22
Q

Hellenistic philosphies

A

Stoicism: be virtuous, help others
Epicureans: pleasure!
Skeptics: kind of like Daoists

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23
Q

Rome Political Flow

A

small city-state (ruled over by foreign Etruscans) –> 509 BCE republic form of government –> 31 BCE empire!

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24
Q

Rome Republic Structure

A

two executive consuls, a Senate (aristocrats), two assemblies (one patrician, one plebian), office of tribune (plebians)
office of dictator for crises

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25
Q

What caused the republic to fall? (more than Julius Caesar)

A

Rich people acquire latifundia. LAND DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS –> Gracchi Bros. try to fix things but fail.

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26
Q

Republic to Empire transition

A

Julius Caesar (appeals to poor) –> Augustus –> Pax Romana

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27
Q

Roman Law Ideas

A
  • innocent before guilty
  • accused confronts accusers
  • judicial review
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28
Q

“Roman Peace” accomplishments

A

laws, roads, aqueducts, concrete, sewers, bread & circuses

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29
Q

Roman patriarchal concept

A

pater familias (eldest male rules)

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30
Q

Nestorian Christian idea

A

Jesus is human.

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31
Q

Manichaeism

A

strict asceticism

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32
Q

fall of Rome

A

“barracks emperors” –> Diocletian divides empire. –> Constantine changes capital. –> Huns push other Germanics into Roman empire. –> FALL OF ROME in 476 BCE

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33
Q

Christian changes

A

adopted by Theodosius –> POPE and several patriarchs

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34
Q

Justinian law

A

“corpus iuris civilis” recodified Roman law

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35
Q

effect of Muslims on Byzantium

A

Muslims attack. –> theme system

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36
Q

Greek influence

A

education system, writing

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37
Q

Troubles in Later Byzantium

A
  • Saljuqs
  • crusades
  • Ottoman Turks
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38
Q

E. Europe effects

A

Cyrillic alphabet, Russian Orthodox church

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39
Q

Qu’ran

A

Muslim holy book

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40
Q

hadith

A

Muhammad’s sayings

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41
Q

sharia

A

Islamic law

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42
Q

Ka’ba

A

big black rock

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43
Q

hijra

A

Muhammad and followers flee!

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44
Q

umma

A

Muhammad’s followers

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45
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

(1) Complete the hajj.
(2) Only one god (Allah).
(3) Pray at certain times in the day.
(4) month of prayer (Ramadan)
(5) Give to the poor.

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46
Q

jihad

A

extremely faithful Muslims

47
Q

name for Islamic ruler

A

caliph

48
Q

jizya

A

tax on non-Muslims

49
Q

ulama

A

elite scholars

50
Q

qadis

A

judges

51
Q

Sufi

A

special missionaries

52
Q

dar-al-Islam

A

Islamic world

53
Q

Islamic tech. and influences

A
  • crop rotation
  • paper
  • Greek philosophy & humanities
  • Hindi sciences & numerals
  • Persian admin.
54
Q

moksha

A

escaping the cycle

55
Q

samsara

A

the cycle

56
Q

karma

A

Don’t squash a bug.

57
Q

Who founded Sui Dynasty?

A

Yang Jian

58
Q

Who built the Grand Canal?

A

Sui Yangdi

59
Q

Why did the Sui fall?

A
  • high taxes

* conscripted labor

60
Q

Who united Tang Dynasty?

A

Tang Taizong

61
Q

Tang features

A

equal-field system
bureaucracy of merit (Confucian-based)
expansion into Manchuria, central Asia, SE Asia, Korea using tributary relationships & kowtow

62
Q

Tang slow fall

A

internal dissention –> Uighurs come to help –> Cities are sacked. –> more rebellion by military people –> fall in 907

63
Q

Who founded Song dynasty?

A

Song Taizu

64
Q

Song features

A

huge Confucian bureaucracy that controlled military

65
Q

Song fall

A

Bureaucracy is too expensive and is no military match for northern nomads –> Mongols come in and kick a**.

66
Q

Chinese post-classical changes

A

fast-growing rice + iron plows + terraces + irrigation + fertilizer = population growth!!! –> urbanization, more patriarchy and ancestor reverence (footbinding)

67
Q

Chinese tech. (5)

A

printing, gunpowder, iron + steel, porcelain, compass

68
Q

Chinese economic tech.

A

“flying cash”, paper money

69
Q

Buddhism in China

A

Chan Buddhism (adopts Daoist ideas)

70
Q

Confucianism in China (Song)

A

Neo-Confucianism, adopts Buddhist ideas

71
Q

After Gupta comes…

A

Harsha with brief centralized kingdom (He is Buddhist.)

72
Q

Who introduced Islam to N. India? (one guy)

A

Mahmud of Ghazni

built Sultanate of Delhi in northern India

73
Q

South India kingdoms

A
  • Chola kingdom

* kingdom of Vijayanagar

74
Q

Big Ships!

A

dhows (Arab)

junks (China)

75
Q

Hinduism + Islam in India

A

*Islam slowly grows in popularity due to egalitarian message.
*Hinduism grows as Buddhism fades w/ devotional cults.
Bhakti serves to connect the two.

76
Q

India effect on SE Asia

A
  • political leadership with kings
  • Hindusim
  • Islam (later on)
77
Q

Fall of Carolingian

A

Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims invade. Carolingian falls. Regional rule in…

  • England (Angles & Saxons)
  • France
  • Germany (Otto & Holy Romans)
78
Q

primary medieval economic organization

A

the manor! serfs, lords, knights

79
Q

church + kingdom (Franks) medieval arrangement

A

church: Franks help to convert evil pagans!
Franks: church provides legitimacy, educated people for bureaucracry

80
Q

important medieval pope?

A

Pope Gregory I

81
Q

important monk dude + dudette to standardize monasteries

A

St. Benedict & St. Scholastica

82
Q

important medieval Europe tech.

A

new plows, watermills, horse collar

83
Q

Mongol techniques

A
  • merit instead of tribal alliances
  • psychological warfare
  • cavalry
84
Q

religion(s) in Mongol empire

A

tolerated all types
Tibetan Buddhism was a favorite.
Islam in Persia

85
Q

fall of Ilkhanate (1335) and Great Khanate (1368)

A

Both had internal and financial problems.

Great Khanate fell to Chinese + bubonic plague.

86
Q

important later Turks

A
  • Tamerlane
  • Mehmed (conquered Constantinople)
  • Osman (founded Ottomans)
87
Q

political organization in Sub-Saharan Africa

A

segmentary/stateless societies: council of elder men with chief in each village, villages = district
kingdoms of Ife, Benin, and Kongo brought on by population pressures

88
Q

Islamic states in Africa

A
  • Ghana (300s - 1230): lots of gold, strong army, fell to nomads
  • Mali (1230-1400s): Sundiata founded, Mansa Musa important, lots of expansive Islam
  • Songhai empire (1400s)
89
Q

African society

A

age grades/sets: control society a lot
lack of “private” land concept
SLAVE TRADE (Zanj revolt)

90
Q

traditional African religion

A

monotheistic, one creator being with lesser deities, diviners contact heavens, very practical!!! and morality-based

91
Q

Christianity in Africa

A

localized to Axum in Ethiopia

92
Q

Holy Roman Empire details

A

962 Otto starts it.
It is German and a collection of states!
Investiture Contest Controversy (11th c.): Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV.
Frederick Barbarossa attempts to expand and is halted by pope.

93
Q

High Middle Ages (the four societies)

A

France: Hugh Capet starts Capetian tradition of rule (monarchy).
England: William the Conqueror defeats Anglo-Saxons, starts Norman rule (1066).
Italy: kingdom of Naples in South, Papal State
Spain: five regional kingdoms

94
Q

Europe agricultural tech. (High Middle Ages)

A

horse collar, crop rotation

95
Q

Europe (High Middle Ages) social change

A

urbanization, guilds, troubadors, code of chivalry, women gain rights, merchants get charters from lords

96
Q

Christian (for educated and common) in High Middle Ages

A

educated: Aristotle revival w/ St. Thomas Aquinas, cathedral schools and universities
poor: relics + saints are cool!, St. Dominic and St. Francis form new “dirt-poor monk” groups.

97
Q

church reform movements

A

Waldensians (more religion)

Cathers/Albigensians (church is a lie)

98
Q

Christianity in Scandinavia

A

Teutonic Knights crusade, kings convert

99
Q

Get Rid of Those Muslims!

A
  • reconquista in Spain
  • Normans conquer Muslim Sicily.
  • Crusades!!!!! 1st one is successful, but Saladin slays all. Others are not so successful, but they DO ruin the Byzantines.
100
Q

consequences of the Crusades

A

exposed Europe to new philosophy and sciences, incorporated them into larger international world

101
Q

Mexica/Aztec details

A

chinampas (floating gardens)
calpulli (communal farms)
military-based with alliances and tribute relationships after conquering
left administration to locals – just wanted tribute

102
Q

S. American states –> Inca!

A

Chuchito (N mountains) and Chimu/Chimor (Peru coast)
Inca! Cuzco capital, lots of roads, used quipu, NO independent merchants, bureaucracy, peasants farm on ayllu to give food to higher classes and communal storehouses

103
Q

Australia + Oceania changes

A

not that much change in

HUGE population growth –> political development, social classes, strains on resources

104
Q

Marco Polo

A

purpose: to get wealth as a merchant
activities: worked for Khubilai Khan as a diplomat and merchant, returned to Italy & wrote down stories

105
Q

Mongol + Europe diplomacy

A

(1) Pope tries to form alliance with Mongols. Mongols decline and want Pope to surrender to them.
(2) Rabban Sauma (from Mongol ilkhanate) tries to form alliance. It fails.

106
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

purpose: one of many Muslim qadis that traveled to newly conquered lands to advise them on Muslim law and tradition
activities: went to Africa, China, and India; wrote journals

107
Q

Catholics in China

A

John of Montecorvino (Franciscan) establishes churches, gets converts. It doesn’t really catch on…

108
Q

tech. & crops during Unit IV

A

*magnetic compass
*gunpowder
*sugarcane
*cotton to Africa
leads to population growth and changes warfare

109
Q

PLAGUE – when? why so bad? effects?

A

1348 has reached Europe
little ice age has already weakened people
huge population drop –> labor shortages –> social unrest, peasants want rights –> crackdown on serfs/peasants –> rebellion

110
Q

Chines political (after Mongols)

A

Yuan collapses due to financial troubles, internal dissent, and rebellion –> Hongwu establishes Ming Dynasty.
Ming techniques: use mandarins and eunuchs, Confucian education system, more Chinese culture!

111
Q

Europe rebuilding after plague

A

France vs. England in Hundred Years War
France, England, Spain develop powerful monarchies with lots of taxing and standing armies. Spain is most powerful (Fernando + Isabel)!
LOTS of small wars

112
Q

Renaissance ideas

A

humanists: study philosophy & humanities, most are Christians
inspired by Romans and Greeks

113
Q

Chinese exploration

A

Emperor Yongle organizes seven voyages (1405-33) led by Zheng He. lots of troops, ships, goods, wealth; Chinese go all over Indian Ocean

114
Q

European exploration

A

Portuguese colonize Atlantic islands, grow sugarcane with slaves. Bartolomeu Dias rounds tip of Africa… Vasco da Gama reaches India by way of around Africa.
Christopher Columbus goes to America with funds of Spain.

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