Midterm Exam

Question 1

define a gene

Answer 1

a segment of DNA

Question 2

define alleles

Answer 2

different forms of a gene

Question 3

define homozygous

Answer 3

2 alleles are the same

Question 4

define heterozygous

Answer 4

2 alleles are different

Question 5

define genotype

Answer 5

specific alleles on a chromosome

Question 6

define phenotype

Answer 6

physical and behavioral traits produced from genotypes

Question 7

define genetic drift

Answer 7

a change in allele frequencies of a population caused by chance environmental effects

Question 8

define population bottleneck

Answer 8

occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in population

Question 9

define founder effect

Answer 9

occurs when isolated populations are founded by a small number of individual organisms

Question 10

Does genetic drift have a bigger influence on small or large populations?

Answer 10

small populations

Question 11

define heterozygosity

Answer 11

the number of heterozygous alleles in a population

Question 12

define inbreeding depression

Answer 12

negative effect of homozygosity on fitness

Question 13

What is the extinction vertex?

Answer 13

a phenomenon where a small population loses heterozygosity over time, trapping their population where it will slowly become extinct

Question 14

natural selection is about selecting…

Answer 14

for traits that are need for survival and reproduction

Question 15

define fitness

Answer 15

individuals ability to survive and reproduce

Question 16

define adaptations

Answer 16

traits that increase an organisms fitness

Question 17

what is the end result of natural selection?

Answer 17

adaptation of environment via changes in genetic frequency

Question 18

define autotroph

Answer 18

self feeder; creates own food through photosynthesis

Question 19

define cellulose

Answer 19

large polysaccharide molecule of glucose

Question 20

define angiosperm

Answer 20

flowering plant

Question 21

define tracheid’s

Answer 21

tapered specialized cells that conduct water and provide support

Question 22

define monocotyledon

Answer 22

single cotyledon in the seed

parallel veined leaves

Question 23

define dicotyledon

Answer 23

2 cotyledon in the seed

netted leaf vein systems

Question 24

define cotyledon

Answer 24

food storage organ

Question 25

what are the 3 main activities of a plant?

Answer 25

1. transport of material 2. seed production 3. food storage

Question 26

Primary and secondary cell wall are categorized by?

Answer 26

permeability and rigidity

Question 27

describe parenchyma cells

Answer 27

unspecialized thin primary cell wall and NO secondary cell wall

Question 28

parenchyma's function

Answer 28

photosynthesis, food storage, aerobic respiration

Question 29

describe collenchyma cells

Answer 29

thick primary cell wall and NO secondary cells wall

Question 30

collenchyma's function

Answer 30

to support growing parts of a plant

Question 31

describe sclerenchyma cells

Answer 31

supportive cell rigid secondary cell walls (lignin)

Question 32

what is the vascular bundle composed of?

Answer 32

phloem, cambium, and xylem

Question 33

types of tissues

Answer 33

dermal vascular ground

Question 34

tissues that compose the dermal system

Answer 34

epidermis cork or bark

Question 35

tissues that compose the vascular system

Answer 35

phloem cambium xylem

Question 36

tissues that compose the ground system

Answer 36

pith cortex

Question 37

define epidermis

Answer 37

single outer layer of cells

Question 38

define cork/bark

Answer 38

several layer of empty cell wall "bricks"

Question 39

define cork/bark

Answer 39

several layer of empty cell wall "bricks"

Question 40

define cork/bark

Answer 40

several layer of empty cell wall "bricks"

Question 41

phloem characteristics

Answer 41

- food solution for the leaves - long tubular cells with thin walls - located towards the outer side of the vascular system

Question 42

cambium characteristics

Answer 42

- layer of cells between the phloem and xylem - ONLY found in dicots - produces more phloem, cambium, and xylem

Question 43

xylem characteristics

Answer 43

- carries water and mineral from the soil up to the leaves | - located on the inner portion of the vascular system

Question 44

characteristics of the pith

Answer 44

- central core of tissue in most plants | - usually no longer alive/active

Question 45

cortex characteristics

Answer 45

- cylinder of several tissue types - located inside the outer covering of cells - stores, food, water, and minerals - replaces the protective outer covering

Question 46

define prothallus

Answer 46

mass of cells that first grows from a germinated spore

Question 47

define gametophyte

Answer 47

plant sex cell

Question 48

define antheridium

Answer 48

male sex portion

Question 49

define archegonium

Answer 49

female sex portion

Question 50

define sporophyte

Answer 50

plant seed

Question 51

What does the male gametophyte in an angiosperm contain?

Answer 51

1 pollen tube nucleus | 2 sperm nuclei

Question 52

define alternation of generations

Answer 52

the observation of a gametophyte as it proceeds to produce haploid gametes that fuse to form a diploid sporophyte

Question 53

define germinating

Answer 53

when a seed takes on water and begins to sprout

Question 54

define micropyle

Answer 54

a microscopic hole that permits water vapor and air to enter the interior of the seed

Question 55

define radical

Answer 55

immature root

Question 56

define plumule

Answer 56

miniature leaves

Question 57

define an actinomorphic flower

Answer 57

flowers that are radially symmetrical

Question 58

define zygomorphic flowers

Answer 58

flowers that can only be but along 1 plane to have equal halves

Question 59

what makes a perfect flower?

Answer 59

has both male and female reproductive organs on the same flower

Question 60

root hairs increase

Answer 60

the absorptive surface area of the root

Question 61

define lenticels

Answer 61

opening in stem to allow for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Question 62

define node

Answer 62

part of a plant where a leaf, branch, or aerial root grows

Question 63

define internode

Answer 63

the section of stem between two adjacent nodes

Question 64

location of the terminal bud

Answer 64

at the end of the stem

Question 65

axillary bud can develop into

Answer 65

a branch shoot or flower cluster

Question 66

bud scale scar are and can be used to...

Answer 66

are: left when a bud falls off used to: track the age of a stem

Question 67

define stomata

Answer 67

pores found on the leaves surface

Question 68

define receptacle

Answer 68

swollen base of the flower bud attached to the stem

Question 69

define calyx

Answer 69

circle of leaf like structures at the base of the flower petals

Question 70

where are the petals located?

Answer 70

inside the calyx

Question 71

the pistil is made up of what 3 parts?

Answer 71

1. stigma 2. style 3. ovary

Question 72

stigma is a...

Answer 72

sticky tip to which pollen will stick to during pollination

Question 73

the style is where

Answer 73

pollen will germinate to produce pollen tube

Question 74

ovary is where

Answer 74

fertilization will occur

Question 75

the stamen consists of what 2 structures?

Answer 75

1. filament | 2. anther

Question 76

the filament is a

Answer 76

think stalk

Question 77

the anther is a

Answer 77

oval tip that produces pollen grains

Question 78

male and female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

Answer 78

male: stamen female: pistal/carpal