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Sociology Psychology of Inequality > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

social categories

A

social difference within a society deemed meaningful separate its members into social groups

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2
Q

social structure

A

social order with predictable patterns of social interaction and relations

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3
Q

social institutions

A

system of enduring behavioral and relationship patterns

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4
Q

social rules

A

expectations and obligations attached to a role with in a social institution

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5
Q

segregation

A

more frequent social interactions among those with similar social categories than dissimilar

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6
Q

four types of mental processing

A

attribution, role-taking, self-categorization, small groups

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7
Q

attribution

A

inferring the cause of someone else’s behavior

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8
Q

role-taking

A

view the self, others, or situation from another’s perspective

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9
Q

self-categorization

A

identifying with a social category

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10
Q

small groups

A

two or more individuals who recognize their group membership, interact on a regular basis, and are interdependent with shared goals

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11
Q

signs

A

can be seen as a natural, instinct, knowledge, action

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12
Q

symbols

A

distinct synage that carries knowledge behind it within a society

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13
Q

social location

A

akin to the idea of social categories, but specific about which category an individual falls into

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14
Q

self-concept (self-schema)

A

thoughts and geelings held about one’s self

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15
Q

actual self

A

who you are now

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16
Q

ssible self

A

who you want to become

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17
Q

situated self

A

who you are in a particular situation

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18
Q

three self-concept dimensions

A

identities, self-evaluations, personal qualities

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19
Q

identities(role and social)

A

social positions claimed by the self and the meanings attached to the positions by the self and others

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20
Q

role identity

A

within a social role, tied to/related to a social institution or other institutional roles (e.g. boss, parent, child)

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21
Q

social identity

A

as a member of a social category, culturally constructed meaningful category of difference (e.g. gender, sexuality, disability)

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22
Q

self-evaluations (role performance, self-esteem, self-efficacy)

A

positive or negative self-assessments

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23
Q

role performance

A

evaluation how well or poorly you are performing in a specific social role (e.g. good student, bad son)

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24
Q

self-esteem

A

an individual’s perception of their own worth as a person

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25
self-efficacy
individual's belief that one's efforts will produce desired outcomes
26
personal qualities
adjectives used to describe yourself
27
self-concept formation
how we come to view ourselves is a social process shaped by numerous "others"
28
specific others
a person in your life
29
significant others
someone close to you (friend)
30
credible others
person capable of making assesment
31
generalized others
how you think certain groups or people in general view it
32
reference groups
group to which an individual or another group is compared (in-or-out groups)
33
four formation processes
identity adoption, reflected appraisals, social comparisons, self-perceptions
34
identity adoption
form self-conceptions based on the social and role identities we claim
35
three structural constraints on identity adoption
availability, visibility, value-inclination
36
availability
identity claims need to be accepted by others
37
visibility
adopt more distinguishing identities within a society (what sets you apart)
38
value-inclination
adopt most valued identities with in a culture
39
reflected appraisals
we form self conceptions based on what we perceive others think of us
40
social comparison (upward, downward)
form self-conceptions by comparing self to others (realistic or constructive)
41
downward social comparison
view self more favorably than the other
42
upward social comparison
view self less favorably than the other
43
self-perceptions
form self-conceptions by observing own behavior and monitoring own thoughts and feelings
44
identity verification
self-view is consistent with own identity standard (self perception) and feedback from others (reflected appraisal)
45
four components of human social behavior
affect, behavior, cognition, perception
46
social object
anything relevant to a social interaction that has shared meaning within a group or society
47
social cognition
how individuals organize and retrieve information
48
cognitive structures
well-organized set of cognitions(thoughts, beliefs, info.) about something
49
four types of schemas
person, group, role, event
50
schemas and categories develop via ...
direct and indirect experience
51
direct experience
overgeneralize observations, selectively observe/ignore
52
indirect experience
social networks, exposure to news and media
53
belief perseverance
once developed, schemas are resistant to change even with new information
54
social stigma
negative societal image for a deeply discrediting identity
55
social status
rank order of social positions based on culturally defined standards of value in a society
56
social perception
using casual observation to construct an understanding of a specific person or situation
57
two forms of social perception
controlled and automatic process
58
controlled process
slow conscious/deliberate information processing effort
59
automatic process
fast unconscious process (reflex reaction) with little effort
60
schematic influence
once a category is identified, use schemas to "fill in" information gaps about people of situations
61
confirmation bias
seek out, pay more attention to and accept information that confirms pre-existing cognitions (ignore info. that doesn't fit cognitions)
62
impression formation
the process of forming an overall impression of a person
63
fundamental attribution error
overestimating internal cues, underestimating external cues
64
two forms of the dual process model
top-down (automatic), bottom-up (controlled)
65
top-down (automatic)
identification of social position than apply schematic inferences to fill in gaps
66
bottom-up (controlled)
personalization by paying more attention to personal qualities rather than social positions
67
two reasons we are more likely to use bottom-up processing
self-involvement, accountability
68
tend to use which process model more
top-down processing (automatic)
69
self-involvement
paying attention is beneficial for you (object of perception has power over you)
70
accountability
fear your impression might be invalidated by others
71
primary effect
first impressions matter more than subsequent more recent observations
72
negativity effect
negative traits are more influential than positive traits
73
internal attribution
the cause lies within a characteristic of the individual
74
external attribution
the cause stems from the social environment
75
self-fulfilling prophecy
perceiver predicts a certain outcome of a person perceiver behaves in a manner that makes person act the way you predicted
76
stereotype threat
fear of conforming to commonly held neg. stereotype produces negative emotional state lowers individual performance
77
impression management
out attempt to manipulate the person schema others' form of use (appearance, demeanor)
78
code switching
altering your self-expression to optimize the comfort of others in a social context
79
stigmatization
process by which a person's identity is spoiled or discredited
80
four stigma management forms
passing, covering, distancing, reclaiming

Sociology Psychology of Inequality (1 decks)

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