Midterm Exam

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

Reinforcements and punishments are consequences or contingencies that follows a target behavior (rewards or consequences)

Question 2

Thorndike

Answer 2

responses that create a pleasant outcome are likely to occur again, whereas responses that create an unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again

Question 3

Positive punishment

Answer 3

something is added to decrease target behavior

Question 4

something is removed to decrease target behavior

Answer 4

Negative punishment

Question 5

something is added to increase the targeted behavior

Answer 5

Positive reinforcement

Question 6

something is removed to increase target behavior

Answer 6

Negative reinforcement

Question 7

Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Answer 7

Fixed-ratio

Question 8

Behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses

Answer 8

Variable-ratio

Question 9

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed

Answer 9

Fixed-interval

Question 10

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed

Answer 10

Variable-interval

Question 12

value in the activity itself, not external conditions

Answer 12

Intrinsic motivation

Question 13

Assumption that inner thoughts can’t be studied

Answer 13

Behaviorism

Question 14

Watch others learn how to do it; role of self-efficacy (we anticipate reinforcement)

Answer 14

Bandura

Question 15

(Parts of observational learning) Must be paying attention/observing

Answer 15

Attention

Question 16

(Parts of observational learning) Must be able to retain what was observed

Answer 16

Retention

Question 17

(Parts of observational learning) Must be able to reproduce that observed behavior

Answer 17

Production

Question 18

(Parts of observational learning) Must have some anticipated reinforcement

Answer 18

Motivation

Question 19

(Parts of the triune brain) Basic life requirements, breathing, temp regulation, motor processes; located in the brainstem/cerebellum

Answer 19

Reptillian

Question 20

(Parts of the triune brain) Maternal care, audio-vocal communication, play; part of the limbic system

Answer 20

Mammalian or paleomammalian

Question 21

(Parts of the triune brain) More influenced by socio-cultural processes; massive cerebral cortex

Answer 21

Neo-mammalian

Question 22

Hormone that improves breathing, stimulates the heart and raises a dropping blood pressure

Answer 22

Epinephrine

Question 23

Hormone that helps control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation.

Answer 23

Cortisol

Question 24

When a neuron is at rest

Answer 24

Resting potential

Question 25

A surge of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing event (-70 mV -> -55 mV)

Answer 25

Action potential

Question 26

A map that shows when neurons activate and which parts of the brain are activated.

Answer 26

fMRIs

Question 27

Awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ

Answer 27

Sensation

Question 28

The organization and interpretation of sensations

Answer 28

Perception

Question 29

Effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states

Answer 29

Psychophysics

Question 30

Artificial life elicits mortality salience

Answer 30

Terror Management Theory

Question 31

Conversion of stimuli to electrical impulses, then transported to brain

Answer 31

Transduction

Question 32

Bare minimum stimulus for detection

Answer 32

Absolute threshold

Question 33

Change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Answer 33

Just noticeable difference

Question 34

Quantities are relative to the stimulus, your situation, your background, and anchoring effects

Answer 34

Detection bias

Question 35

Use established information from the environment to "fill the blanks" and complete the whole

Answer 35

Gestalt's Top-Down Processing