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ROENTGENOLOGY LECTURE > MIDTERM EXAM > Flashcards

MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

When the x-rays or light strike the x-ray or light sensitive silver salts (AgIBr) in the film emulsion, the energy is stored in the form of a

A

latent (invisible) image

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2
Q

It becomes visible after the film is immersed in certain chemical solutions that change the exposed silver halide salts into particles of metallic silver

A

Latent Image

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2
Q

The recording media (image receptor) generally used in dental radiography

A

radiographic film

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3
Q

It is the process of developing converts the latent image into

A

manifest (visible) image

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4
Q

a suspension of tiny photosensitive silver bromide crystals and, to lesser extent, silver iodide crystals that have been precipitated in gelatin and layered on a thin sheet of transparent plastic base

A

Film Emulsion

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5
Q

Give the film processing procedure

A

-Immersion of exposed films in developer solution

-Rinsing in running water

-Immersion in fixing solution
Film washing

-Drying and mounting for viewing

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6
Q

What is the main action of developer?

A

to chemically reduce all the silver ions in the exposed crystals of silver bromide

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7
Q

This reduction process must be restricted to those crystals containing a latent image in order to produce a diagnostic image

A

Developer Solution

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8
Q

Chemical of Reducing agent

A

Metol & Hydroquinone

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9
Q

Chemical of Activator

A

Sodium Carbonate

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10
Q

Chemical of restrainer

A

Potassium bromide

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11
Q

Chemical function of preservative

A

Sodium sulfide

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12
Q

What is the chemical of Solvent

A

Water

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13
Q

Quickly build up gray tones in the image
The developing agents convert the exposed silver halide into black metallic silver

A

Metol

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14
Q

Slowly builds up black tones and contrast in the image

A

Hydroquinone

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15
Q

Swells and softens the emulsion so that the reducing agents may work more effectively
Provides required alkalinity for reducing agents

A

Sodium
carbonate

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16
Q

Restrains the reducing agents from developing unexposed silver halide to produce fog

A

Potassium
Bromide

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17
Q

Prevents rapid oxidation of the developing agent

A

Sodium sulfide

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18
Q

Liquid for dissolving chemicals

A

Water

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the developing agent?

A

to amplify the latent image by converting the exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver grains

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20
Q

The addition of the preservative

A

helps protect the developers from being oxidized by atmospheric oxygen

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21
Q

Developers are only active at high pH values, usually

A

above Ph 11

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22
Q

the developing solution contains _______ which serves as an _________

A

alkali, activator (accelerator)

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23
Q

Restrainer act as an

A

anti-fog agent

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24
is a concentrated solution of high pH used to compensate for the reduced alkalinity of the used solution
Developer Replenisher
25
What is the function of the fixing solution?
remove (dissolved) the underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion
26
The presence of the unexposed crystals cause film to be _______ so if these crystals are not removed, the image on the resultant radiograph is _______________
Opaque, obscure and non-diagnostic
27
Another function of the fixing solution
harden (fix) the emulsion (on the film)
28
Hardeners are added to the fixer to _____
prevent damage to the gelatin by subsequent handling (protects film from scratches)
29
(Give the General Function and the Chemical) Clears away the unexposed silver halide crystals
Fixing agent, Ammonium thiosulfate
30
(Give the General Function and the Chemical) Stops development by neutralizing developer Provides required acidity
Acidifier, Acetic or sulfuric acid
31
(Give the General Function and the Chemical) Shrinks and hardens the emulsion
Hardener, Aluminum chloride or sulfide
32
(Give the General Function and the Chemical) Maintains chemical balance of the fixer chemicals
-Preservative - Sodium Sulfite
33
(Give the General Function and the Chemical) Liquid for dissolving chemicals
Solvent, Water
34
What is the objective of washing?
remove residual processing chemicals and silver salts from the radiograph
35
If these residues are not removed, the radiograph will turn
brown with time, impairing its value as a permanent record
36
After washing the films, surface moisture should be removed by
shaking of excess water
37
After drying, the films are ready for
mounting
38
Should temperature in the room reach
90 DEGREES F or higher, the x-ray film may show generalized increase in film density (film fog)
39
The function of a safelight
to provide enough illumination in the darkroom
40
X-ray film emulsions are primarily sensitive to ___ &_____ and are less sensitive to light in the opposite region of the spectrum
Blue & green light. / yellow and red light
41
Safelights are safest when made with
amber (dark orange-yellow) or red filters
42
Film handling under a safelight should not exceed
5 to 8 minutes
43
To minimize the fogging effect of prolonged exposure, the safelight should be mounted __________
at least 4 feet above the surface where films are handled
44
Common causes of faulty radiographs 1 LIGHT RADIOGRAPHS A) PROCESSING ERRORS
1. Underdevelopment a. Temperature too low b. Time too short c. Inaccurate thermometer 2. Depleted Developer solution 3. Diluted or contaminated developer 4. Excessive fixation
45
B. Underexposure
1. Insufficient mA 2. Insufficient kVp 3. Insufficient time 4. Excessive film-source distance 5. Film packet reversed in mouth
46
II. Dark radiographs A. Processing errors
1. Overdevelopment Temperature too high Time too long 2. Developer concentration too high 3. Inadequate fixation 4. Accidental exposure to light 5. Improper safelight
47
B. Overexposure
1. Excessive Ma 2. Excessive time 3. Excessive kVp 4. Insufficient film-source distance
48
III. Insufficient contrast
A. Underdevelopment B. Underexposure C. Excessive kVp D. Excessive film fog
49
IV. Film fog (A. Improper Safelighting conditions)
1. Improper filter 2. Excessive bulb wattage 3. Inadequate distance between safelight and working surface 4. Prolonged exposure of film to safelight B. Light leaks 1. Cracked safelight 2. Lights from doors, vents, etc. C. Overdevelopment D. Contaminated solutions E. Deteriorated film 1. Stored at high temperature 2. Exposed to radiation 3. Stored at high humidity 4. Outdated (expired film)
50
Extraoral Radiography is used for?
- Panoramic -Lateral Jaw -Cephalometric -Skull -Tmj View
51
3 kinds of X-ray Machine
-Intra oral -Pan/Ceph -Extraoral/Speciality
52
may be used for extraoral films but not recommended
Intraoral
53
standard for ortho, oral surgery
Pan/ Ceph
54
rotating anode; because of high mA, long exposure
Extraoral/Specialty
55
What light does earth emitt?
Green-light Emitting
56
Image third molar region (IF PAN NOT AVAILABLE)
Lateral Oblique Jaw
57
Identify changes in TMJ region
Transcranial TMJ
58
Identify trauma, abnormalities Assess facial growth; treatment record
Lateral Cephalometric
59
Identify trauma, pathology, or developmental abnormalities
Posteroanterior (PA) Skull
60
Evaluate the maxillary sinus
WATERS (Sinus View)
61
Identify location of condyles Image zygomatic arch fracture
Submentovertex
62
Image fractures of the condylar neck
Reverse Townes
63
Identify trauma, especially area of orbit
Caldwell
64
What is the use of tomography (Laminography)
-Used to image TMJ -X-ray procedure -Images layer or slice -Objects outside slice are blurred
65
Tube Travel?
Linear Tomography
66
special computer positioning)
Panoramic Film
67
Use of Computed Tomography?
- X-ray procedure - Section or slice imaged - 360-degree rotation of x-rays/ detectors - Radiation /detector/computer/ image
68
Able to image soft tissue without contrast agents
Magnetic Resonance
69
Use of Magnetic Resonance?
- Magnetic field aligns atoms (Hydrogen) - Radiowaves alter alignment - Atoms realign, releasing energy - Computer produces image NO IONIZING RADIATION
70
Use of Sialography
X-ray procedure 2. Radiopaque contrast agent 3. Images salivary glands and ducts
71
It is a Radionuclide Scan
Scintigraphy
72
It has; High-frequency ultrasonic vibrations, Echoes at tissue density differences and Varying echo intensities image
Ultrasound
73
refers to diffusion of detail
Image or Geometric Unsharpness
74
Penumbra (from the latin words pene for
Almost
75
and umbra for
Shadow
76
is a fuzzy, unsharp margin surrounding the radiographic image
Penumbra
77
It is defined as the region of partial illumination that surrounds the umbra or complete shadow
Edge Gradient
78
is equal enlargement of the radiographic image
Image magnification
79
The unequal enlargement or magnification of different parts of the same object
Image shape distortion
80
FIVE RULES FOR ACCURATE IMAGE FORMATION
The x-ray should originate from as small a focal spot as possible - Efforts should be made to minimize voluntary and involuntary motion unsharpness of film or x-ray tube -This will increase the size of the focal spot The distance between the focal spot (source) and the object to be examined should always be as long as is practical. The film should be as close as possible to the object being radiographed As far as is practical, the long axis of the object should be parallel to the film The central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible to record the adjacent structures in their true spatial relationship
81
FACTORS INFLUENCING GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
Image or Geometric Unsharpness Radiographic image unsharpness is the fuzzy area or penumbra surrounding the contour lines of the teeth and osseous tissues of the radiograph The smaller the size of the focal spot, the smaller the penumbra and consequently the sharper the definition of the radiographic image
82
REMEMBER!!!
The longer the object-film distance, the greater the unsharpness
83
is the equal enlargement of the actual size of the object as it is projected onto the radiograph
Magnification
84
Shape distortion can be minimized by using the radiographic intraoral
paralleling technique
85
when the beam of radiation is directed perpendicular to the line bisecting the angle formed by the long axes of the tooth and the film
Bisecting angle technique
86
One of the objectives of dental radiography
to produce accurate images of the dental structures that are normally visually obscured
87
One method that is still in widespread use is known as the
bisecting (the)-angle technique
88
When the central ray is not directed at a right angle to the _______ the length of the image of the projected teeth will change
''bisector,'
89
If the central ray is directed at an angle that is more positive than perpendicular to the ''bisector,'' the image of the tooth will be
foreshortened
90
If it is inclined with more negative angulation than the ''bisector,'' the image will be
Elongated

ROENTGENOLOGY LECTURE (2 decks)

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