MIDTERM EXAM

Question 1

GMO stands for?

Answer 1

Genetically Modified Organism

Question 2

usually a plasmid or cosmid that accepts foreign DNA and serve as vehicle for transformation

Answer 2

Vector

Question 3

extrachromosomal element capable of independent replication

Answer 3

Plasmid

Question 4

technique used to alter or move genetic material (genes) of living cells

Answer 4

Cloning/Genetic engineering

Question 5

enzyme that cuts the DNA

Answer 5

Restriction enzyme

Question 6

were first commercialized in 1996 and only from countries that planted transgenic crops to about 11 million hectares (Brankow & Lovre, 2015). In 2011, the area had expanded to 160 million hectares in 29 countries.

Answer 6

GM crops

Question 7

remain to be the leading GM crops.

Answer 7

Soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola

Question 8

was first genetically modified with the insertion of toxin gene from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. With the commercialization of it, an increase in its production was realized because of its resistance to the attack of borer.

Answer 8

Corn

Question 9

Almost half of it grown in the world have been genetically modified to resist pests and pesticides. However, it was reported to have had devastating results in Indian agriculture. In the Philippines, experiments to develop local Bt corn variety are being performed to prevent bollworm damage.

Answer 9

Cotton

Question 10

seeds are similar to palm oil. It can be used as biofuel and a high source of protein for livestock. However, planting it, has caused destruction of the native plants.

Answer 10

Jatropha

Question 11

Golden variant of it is the genetically modified containing beta carotene a precursor of vitamin A. The golden is still in the research stage but once it becomes a developed variety and commercialized many Filipinos will benefit from it. In relation, studies are being done to address the pervasive and persistent Vitamin A deficiency problem and at the same time make Golden more profitable to farmers by adding tungro and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance to this GM crop

Answer 11

Rice

Question 12

More than 90 percent of beans grown in the United States are genetically modified to be herbicide resistant.

Answer 12

Soy

Question 13

were engineered to grow faster and to be more resistant to weeds. However a federal judge put a halt on processing GMO due to failure of USDA to present an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Many environmentalists and researchers are concerned that GMO could have serious impact on the environment and other crops.

Answer 13

Sugar beets

Question 14

a starchy plant like potato that is consumed by many people across the globe like Africa. The first GMO was engineered in 1955. It was supposed to be virus and pest resistant but farmers reported that in few years the GMO cassava lose their antivirus resistant quality.

Answer 14

Cassava

Question 15

also known as Carica____L., has Caribbean coast of Central America as the point of origin. It was first genetically modified in Hawaii and introduced to the market in 1999. The GM lines were developed to resist infection by ringspot virus (PRSV).

Answer 15

Papaya

Question 16

Majority of it in the US are genetically modified.

Answer 16

Bananas

Question 17

The first GM ____ (Bt) in South and Southeast Asia, the new pest-resistant , was developed by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco) based in Jaina, India. In the Philippines, Bt was developed to address fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), Leucinodes orboralis, using modern biotechnological techniques.

Answer 17

Eggplant

Question 18

Many____have been genetically modified in US but GM are banned in Europe. Flavr Savr is the first commercially grown GM granted with a license for human consumption. Produced by Calgene, a Californian company, it was first sold in 1994 after the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) completed its evaluation.

Answer 18

Tomatoes

Question 19

Scientists are now able to deactivate the gene for polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme which causes the browning of it.

Answer 19

Apple

Question 20

GM were created by inserting kidney beans genes into the its DNA resulting to the production of protein with pesticidal ability.

Answer 20

Peas

Question 21

GM are resistant to viruses.

Answer 21

Yellow crookneck squash or zucchini

Question 22

GM was developed to produce a crop that will survive exposure to glyphosate herbicide.

Answer 22

Alfalfa

Question 23

a new area of scientific research which focuses on particles too minute to be seen but with impact interacting with other fields of sciences.

Answer 23

Nanotechnology

Question 24

minute particles.

Answer 24

Nanomaterials

Question 25

*study* of the **ethical and social dimensions of nanotechnology**

Answer 25

Nanoethics

Question 26

Nanotechnology derived from the words? which means?

Answer 26

**nano**- one-billionth of a quantity and is represented mathematically as ***1 ×10^-9, or simply as 10^-9*** **technology**- generally refers to the ***application of scientific knowledge*** for society's practical needs and improvements

Question 27

# IT IS CALLED AS **"general purpose technology"**-global impacts **"enabling technology"**- supports other technologies

Answer 27

Nanotechnology

Question 28

# OFFICIAL DEFINITION FROM? "research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 m range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices, and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size."

Answer 28

US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Question 29

**nanoparticles** can be produced from nearly **any chemical**; however, most that are currently in use today have been made from?

Answer 29

transition metals, silicon, carbon (single walled carbon nanotubes; fullerenes), and metal oxides (zinc dioxide and titanium dioxide)

Question 30

also **exist as nanocrystals** composed of a number of compounds such as **silicon and metals** (quantum dots).

Answer 30

Engineered nanoparticles

Question 31

According to NNI, there are **four generations of nanotechnology**:

Answer 31

1. **passive nanostructures** - size + physical property 2. **active nanodevices** - quantum properties 3. **systems of nanosystems** - systems of nanodevices 4. **molecular nanosystems** - molecular machines and manufacture

Question 32

a. **Increasing the electricity generated by windmills**. **Epoxy** containing carbon nanotubes are being *used to make windmill blades*. The resulting blades are stronger and with lower weight thus, the amount of electricity generated by each windmill is greater.

Answer 32

Energy storage, production and conversion

Question 33

**Nanosensors are important nanoproducts for faster detection of soil quality**. This will also enable plant health monitoring for improved crop yield. **Nanocapsules** may also be developed for more efficient delivery of *herbicides and drugs for livestock*.

Answer 33

Agricultural productivity and enhancement; vector and pest detection and control

Question 34

**Nanoparticles are useful in cleaning up organic chemicals/solvents polluting groundwater**. The **iron nanoparticles** *disperse throughout the body of water and decompose the organic solvent in place*. This method can be more effective and cost significantly less than treatment methods that require the water to be pumped out of the ground.

Answer 34

Water treatment and remediation

Question 35

**Nanotechnology-based diagnostic kits for screening of diseases and systems of drug delivery will be very useful in health monitoring and cure**. Potential applications of **nanomedicine** have been discussed in many of the reports on nanotechnology. One application *involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances* to specific groups of cells. The particles are manipulated so that they will be *attracted to diseased cells, thus allowing direct treatment*.

Answer 35

Disease diagnosis and screening; drug delivery systems

Question 36

**Nanotechnology is useful when nanocomposite-based film crating is used in food packaging**. Use of **antimicrobial nanoemulsions** will also f*acilitate the cleaning of food equipment and packaging* while nanotechnology-based sensors will help in detecting food-borne pathogens.

Answer 36

Food processing and storage

Question 37

**Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials is very important**. Researches have shown that the use of **silver nanoclusters** as *catalysts can significantly reduce the polluting by-products generated in the process used to manufacture propylene oxide*. Propylene oxide is used to produce common materials such as plastics, paint, detergents and brake fluid. Nanotechnology is being used to improve the environment. This includes cleaning up existing pollution, improving manufacturing methods to reduce the generation of new pollution, and making alternative energy sources more cost effective. Nanoscale metal particles such as FeO and Fe-NI particles together with iron filings [Fe(O)] have been shown to be a promising technology for reducing chlorinated solvents, pesticides and PCBs which are major environmental contaminants.

Answer 37

Air pollution and remediation

Question 38

**Construction activities will be a lot easier if nanomolecules are used in manufacturing concrete, asphalt, glues and housing surfaces**. In the Philippines, the possible applications of nanotechnology are food and agriculture, health and medicine, energy, environment, ICT and semiconductor.

Answer 38

Construction

Question 39

**Consumer products** are not exempted from nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has found its way into **numerous products that people can use every day**. These include:

Answer 39

1. **Fabric** *containing silver nanoparticles* that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant. 2. **Skin care products** like lotions, sunscreens and creams that use *nanoparticles to deliver vitamins* and deeper into the skin. 3. **Lithium ion batteries** that use *nanoparticle-based electrodes*. The types of materials explored for these batteries include carbon coated silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes and LiMn,04 or LiCO,0, nanoparticles (Huang et al., 2009). 4. **Sporting goods** like *tennis racquets were improved by adding nanotubes* to the frames which increase control and power when one hits the ball. Filling any imperfections in golf club shaft materials with nanoparticles improves the uniformity of the material that makes up the shaft and thereby, improving your swing. Air leaks from tennis balls were also at a reduced rate so they keep their bounce longer. 5. **Paints** are now available which are *based on nanomaterials* (Kaisier, Diener and Wick, 2013). These paints are deemed solutions to the problem of microbial growth in buildings. 6. **Atovi** is a *nanoproduct* from the Philippines. It is a feed formulation and immune enhancer different from the conventional feed mix. It has no medication and. nutritional value due to molecular alteration making it more effective at the cellular, stomic and sub atomic structures of an organism (Atovi Nanotechnology, 2017). 7. **Filtration set-up**. The Department of Science and Technology has developed a *nanofilter* assembly for water purification.

Question 40

A **roadmap** was formulated by the **Department of Science and Technology** for the development of **nanotechnology**. The ***four major programs of this roadmap include:***

Answer 40

1. nano-based technologies and materials 2. nanosensors and nanodiagnostics 3. nanometrology for ICT and semiconductor 4. nanostructured solar energy devices and storage.

Question 41

a **part of a cell** in a living thing that **controls what it looks like**, **how it grows, and how it develops**

Answer 41

Gene

Question 42

a **disease** that is caused by an **abnormality** in an individual's **DNA**

Answer 42

Genetic disorders

Question 43

an organism that does **not cause disease itself**, but which **carry the DNA from one host to another**

Answer 43

Vector

Question 44

a **gene** that does **not work properly**

Answer 44

Defective gene

Question 45

This technique that is through the **introduction of a normal copy of the gene** instead of using drugs or surgery, the **cells can produce the normal functional protein**. This is a promising treatment option, but had, so far, limited succéss in treating human diseases

Answer 45

Gene therapy (1972)

Question 46

**2 Techniques of Delivery of Genes During Gene Therapy**

Answer 46

1. **Use of vector**. The ***therapeutic genes are placed inside a harmless virus***, where most of its own genes are *removed or have been deactivated*. This virus works by entering into the cell; ***taking over its DNA and forcing it to produce more viruses***. Similarly, a deactivated virus can enter the specific cell and deliver the working gene. 2. **Use of stem cells**. Stem cells are a class of ***undifferentiated cells*** that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. They are the ***foundation for every organ and tissue in the body***. They have the potential to ***develop into cells with different functions***. Stem cells are then manipulated in the laboratory to accept new genes that can then change their characteristics. Thus, when the stem cells grow, divide, and differentiate they already carry the ***manipulated genes*** that would enable them to treat the disease. For example, specific gene that could resist chemotherapy might be inserted into a stem cell that could make it better able to survive chemotherapy.

Question 47

two types of gene therapy

Answer 47

1. **Somatic gene therapy** (NON-SEX CELLS)- is effective in treating various kinds of diseases such as *cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, cancer, and certain infectious diseases*. The effectiveness of somatic gene therapy is usually ***short-lived*** 2. **Germline gene therapy** (SEX CELLS) - the cells are modified by the introduction of ***functional genes into their genomes***. ***Passed on to the patient's children and subsequent generations*** because gene transfer can occur in all cells of the developing embryo. There is a ***possibility of permanently removing an inherited disorder from a family line***. However, it is ***not allowed to be done in humans***, because of ethical issues and fear of altering the human genes. Creating "super" human beings or "architectured" human beings and the ethical issue of playing "gods" are additional restrictions. This technology should ***not be used for non-disease conditions such as functional enhancement or "cosmetic purposes."***

Question 48

**Somatic gene therapy can be broadly divided into two categories:**

Answer 48

1. **Ex vivo gene therapy** - Genetic manipulation of cells is done ***outside the body***, which is well ***suited in targeting a specific organ*** rather than treating the whole organism. Ex vivo gene therapy ***modifies the cells outside the body and transplanted back after selection and amplification***. Genetic alteration is usually done by using a ***viral vector***, which carries the corrected gene back to the patient's body. This can be very promising on bone marrow stem cells, liver cells, blood vessel smooth muscle cells, tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes for cancer treatment, blindness, treatment for leukemia and other cancers. Advances in gene therapy are also achieved in corneal disease, glaucoma, retinal degeneration; stroke and multiple sclerosis through genetic reprogramming of cells to replace degenerate cells and through more refined neuroprotection, modulation of inflammation and replacement of deficient protein (Gregory-Evans, Bashar & Tan, 2012). 2. **In vivo gene therapy** - In vivo gene therapy involves the ***direct introduction*** of the genetic materials into the human body. It can be ***applied to many tissues of the human body*** including liver, muscle, skin, lung, spleen, brain, blood cells, etc. The corrected genes are introduced by the ***viral or nonviral-based vectors*** into the patient. It is also disadvantageous because of nonspecificity of target cell infection

Question 49

The **major steps in ex vivo gene therapy** involve:

Answer 49

1. The isolation of the defective gene from the patient 2. The isolated cells are then grown in cultures in the laboratory 3. Then, the therapeutic genes are inserted or introduced to the grown cell cultures using vectors (viruses, liposomes). 4. The transformed cells are selected from the nontransformants and grown in the laboratory. 5. These selected cells are transplanted into the patient.

Question 50

**Several factors that may affect in vivo gene therapy include the following:**

Answer 50

a. **Uptake of the therapeutic gene carrying vectors by the target cells** Appropriate vectors should be used to efficiently deliver the corrected genes inside the target cells. b. **Intracellular degradation The therapeutic gene should reach the target cell without being degraded.** c. **Expression ability of the gene The therapeutic gene should be expressed in the target cell.**

Question 51

The **physical methods for in vivo gene delivery** are

Answer 51

1. mechanical 2. electrical 3. ultrasonic 4. hydrodynamic 5. laser-based energy.

Question 52

**Problems Associated with Gene Therapy**

Answer 52

1. **Gene therapy is short-lived in nature**; thus, patients will have to undergo multiple rounds of gene therapy. 2. When the **defense system is low due to gene therapy** there is a risk of further advancement in the illness. Hence, there is a difficulty for gene therapy to be repeated. 3. **Viral vectors could disrupt vital genes** resulting to another disease or predisposition to cancer. They may also cause toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting. The deactivated viruses might target other cells as well as the intended cells. 4. There is an **occurrence of multi-gene** disorders, like heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis and diabetes. 5. **Overexpression of delivered genes** can contribute to oncogenesis by removing controls on normal cell cycle regulation. The therapeutic gene might produce too much of the missing enzyme or protein, causing other health problems. 6. The therapeutic gene might be **slotted into the wrong spot**. 7. **Other genes** may be accidentally **delivered to the cell**. 8. The **deactivated virus** may be **contagious**.

Question 53

the **condition of the atmosphere** like heat, dryness, sunshine, wind and rain at a **given place at a given time**

Answer 53

Weather

Question 54

the **weather condition** occurring in a region for a **longer period of time**

Answer 54

Climate

Question 55

the **changes in the regional or global climate pattern** brought about by the **increase of atmospheric temperature**

Answer 55

Climate Change

Question 56

the **energy supply** that are replenished through **natural processes**

Answer 56

Renewable Energy