Midterm Exam Flashcards

Question

European Expansion, ca. 1500 Why Europe?

Answer 1

(1) Motive a. Desire for wealth b. Desire for converts to Christianity (2) Opportunity a. Location b. Social Organization 1. Developed Nation States 2. Centralizing Power 3. Population Expansion 4. Growing merchant class (3) Technological developments a. Navigation b. Weaponry

Answer 2

The Portuguese were the first European nation to set sail and arrive in the Americas - Perhaps searching for slaves and goods - They learned a lot about navigation and sailing Portuguese made it to Newfoundland - Portuguese were heavily invested in fishing; being good fishermen, they did not tell others about the good fishing and silently returned every year to fish

Answer 3

The Spanish don’t have much of an impact on the Americas and Canadian history, but had a huge impact on European sailing and Christopher Columbus

Answer 4

The word of success in the Americas reached the English - King Henry sent its first missionaries (John Cabot) - John Cabot was not English, he was Italian (Giovanni Caboto) - His reputation became poorly mixed with his son Sebastian who started travelling with him and later took all the credit for everything his father did - For a long time, we thought Sebastian Cabot was the important voyager but he was just taking credit - Cabot’s Plan: sail across higher latitudes to China - Columbus was too close to the equator, so Cabot went further North and on June 24th, 1497 he “discovered” the cod fisheries for England

Answer 5

A wealthy, many seaforts (twice as many as England), high population (twice the population of Portugal and Spain combined) 1530s: Jacques Cartier - 1530s: French King commissions Jacques Cartier to take two ships and look for: 1) a passage to India/China and 2) riches (gold, silver) as the Spanish have found great riches in Mexico - Cartier's came from from Nalo, a fishing town where the fishermen had already been going to Newfoundland (he may have gone before as a fisherman) - Three voyages, that we know a lot about because of his detailed diaries

Answer 6

June 24th, 1497: John Cabot - Cabot took a crew of 18, sailed for 35 days, landed on the East Coast of Canada - He “discovered” the cod fisheries for England There were so many fish that you could drop a basket off the side of your ship and it would immediately fill with cod but this was highly lucrative in this period because Catholic had 153 days a year where they could not eat meat - King Henry was so happy with Cabot, he offered him a bonus of 10 pounds - Cabot sailed back to England in 1498 and disappeared (they lost all record of him, so it was assumed that his ship went down) Recent evidence that he actually lived: Record of one of his crew members that was on his ship alive in 1502 - Juan de la Cosa map from 1500, shows English flags planted around Atlantic Coast - Maybe Cabot survived and we just do not have any record of it - Whether dead or alive, after his 1498 voyage, his impact was over - King Henry dies, England does not follow up Cabot’s voyage anytime soon - Portuguese begin publicizing their interest in Canada, small settlements in NWL and NS that fail quickly

Answer 7

(1) Gulf of St. Lawrence (1534) Sails to the Gulf of St, Lawrence, but does not enter St.LR, flagged down by locals to trade, met Iroquois people who were not used to trade with Europeans and kidnapped two members and brought them back to France to learn French (2) St. Lawrence River (1535-6) Hoping river would take him to Asia, met stadacona who saw the French as valuable trade partners and did not want them to go further, but Cartier travelled on and thought he saw China, returned to Stadacona and built a fort which made the FNs unhappy, hit with scurvy that winter, kidnapped Chief Donakonda (3) St. Lawrence River (1541-42) Wanted to go deeper into St.LR, find the passage to Asia and find riches France (and all Europeans) did not attempt any more exploration in Canada for another half a century because they were busy at war with each other Cartier’s voyages had established some French claim to the area and made it easier to understand North America for future expeditions

Answer 8

(1) Gulf of St. Lawrence (1534) - He sails to the Gulf of St, Lawrence, but does not enter St. Lawrence River - Flagged down by the locals to trade - Evidence that FNs people had already experienced trading with Europeans - Cartier met Iroquois people who were not used to trade with Europeans - Kidnapped two members and brought them back to France to learn French

Answer 9

(2) St. Lawrence River (1535-6) - Hoping the river would take him to Asia - He met stadacona, who saw the French as valuable trade partners and did not want them to go further - Stadaconans wanted to establish themselves as middlemen - Cartier travelled on anyways - Called a nearby mountain Mont Royal (which became Montreal) where he saw rapids that he called La Chien and he thought they were China - He returned to Stadacona and built a fort which made the FNs unhappy - The French were expecting a France-like winter (since they were on the same latitude), but got a Quebec-like winter and were hit by scurvy - To show their gratefulness, they kidnapped Chief Donakonda - He misunderstood that the whole country was called “Kanada”

Answer 10

(3) St. Lawrence River (1541-42) - His hope was to go deeper into St. Lawrence River - He wanted to find the passage to Asia - He hoped to find the “Kingdom of the *” where he would find riches - He took 150 colonists (convicts from French prisons) 35 were killed over that winter - He went home with heavy, worthless rocks - Called Canada the “land God gave to Cain” - He failed to find great riches, failed to sail to Asia, made poor relationships with FNs, poor climate, anyone who wanted to sail to Asia would find a big continent in the way - France (and all Europeans) did not attempt any more exploration in Canada for another half a century because they were busy at war with each other

Answer 11

First French Settlement

Answer 12

(3) St. Lawrence River (1541-42) - His hope was to go deeper into St. Lawrence River - He wanted to find the passage to Asia - He hoped to find the “Kingdom of the *” where he would find riches - He took 150 colonists (convicts from French prisons) 35 were killed over that winter - He went home with heavy, worthless rocks - Called Canada the “land God gave to Cain” - He failed to find great riches, failed to sail to Asia, made poor relationships with FNs, poor climate, anyone who wanted to sail to Asia would find a big continent in the way

Answer 13

First French Settlement on Sable Island, Nova Scotia

Answer 14

Reattempted French Settlement on Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia)

Answer 15

Establishment of New France (Samuel de Champlain)

Answer 16

Founder of Quebec, of New France - New France owes its existence to Samuel de Champlain (born in 1570) - Became responsible for exploring, mapping and then settling in the St. Lawrence Region - Sailed back and forth from France to New France 22 times and wrote about all his expeditions and became governor of New France - Champlain found a place he thought would be the New Paris and named it Ludobica

Answer 17

(1) Trade | (2) Alliances

Answer 18

(1) Dependence (2) Shifts in Power (3) Religious Turmoil (4) Disease

Answer 19

The French did not plan on enslaving the FNs, the nature of the fur trade meant that the FNs people needed to be mobile The French depended on the FNs for not only fur trade but for food, survival tips and tricks and information about the land and other groups For a while, the FNs were happy with this arrangement because they were acting as middlemen between the French and other FNs group This was extremely valuable (at first) to First Nations peoples, the goods they were trading for were very useful (knives, hatchets, bread, kettles, etc.) and the FNs were, at first, getting the prices they wanted

Answer 20

Trade cemented alliances, you are more likely to be on the side of the people you are trading with 1639: Champlain decided he had to take a side on the FNs people - The French sided with the Hurons and Algonquins against the Iroquois - Champlain revealed himself and killed 2 Iroquois (Mohawk) chiefs and injured another - This is the first conflict between the French and the FNs people - This act snowballs and creates a century of war between the French and the Iroquois

Answer 21

First Nations developed dependence on the Europeans - Spent less time fishing and hunting, and more time trading - Example: Enigmas used to average 6 months on the coast and hunt in land the rest of the year, they gave up the coast once they began trading - As a result, First Nations lost their traditional craft (by relying on Euro goods) First Nations began trading for alcohol (the French introduced alcohol to the FNs people)

Answer 22

More war: - Guns - Turmoil between groups - Vendettas - Fns forced to move to new locations

Answer 23

Introduction of Christianity

Answer 24

The St. Lawrence River had changed in one dramatic fashion from Cartier (1530s) to Champlain (1610s): the French brought disease with them and unknowingly wiped out the FNs people, and now Champlain is returning to skeptical, unhappy and unwelcoming FNs The FNs noticed quickly that wherever the French went, people began to die

Answer 25

Crosby’s Argument: Europeans overran First Nations around the globe not because it was a matter of Europeans vs. First Nations, but because it was a matter of Europeans, their plants, their animals and their diseases vs First Nations

Answer 26

Champlain established New France in 1608, with the dreams and hopes of founding his city “Ludobica”

Answer 27

Champlain established New France in 1608 - In the decades that followed, there was no evidence that Quebec would expand, it only had 60 colonies decades later - France was at war with Holland and Germany so not much attention was paid to Canada - Champlain focused on maintaining ties to his FNs and emphasized their importance because he was trying to establish a colony based on what they could provide for him - One of the things he did was ask his Algonquin allies if he could send French to live with the FNs - The Algonquins did not want to lose their established position as middlemen, an began to worry which was rightly so because… - Once the French met up with the Huron (Wendat), they realized the Huron were more beneficial and had more potential to expand their trading network - The Algonquin lost their priority

Answer 28

was one of the first sent to live as an Ambassador with the Hurons Predecessor of the “coureurs des bois” (runners of the woods) He was eventually killed and eaten by his hosts

Answer 29

French believed they needed to have a “base” colony to make it a more stable, diversified economy In 1627: the staple was bought by The Company of 100 Associates (it had 100 investors back in France)

Answer 30

There were only 107 settlers in New France - They had to bring in 4000 settlers in the next decade and diversify the economy beyond fur and encourage Roman Catholic Missionary work - Terribly timing… English and French war breaks out (the French King did not repay his English brother in law) - English begin raiding the areas of New France to disrupt the fur trade - The Company never makes any kind of impact on the settlement in this half-century of Champlain founding Quebec City - Only 1000 French colonists ever come to France over the 50 years → it was a bust - There was knowledge in France of the war with the Iroquois which prevented a desire to move to France

Answer 31

Essential to the development of New France Monks, Nuns Once an aboriginal was Christianized, they could marry other french Champlain believed that if you could make Aboriginals Christian, teach them French, intermarry them, work the Inidaness out of them, then they could be foundational for the French colony

Answer 32

Recollects (1615-on) Jesuits (1627-on) Ursulines (1639-on)

Answer 33

- Champlain’s first group that he invited over - They believed it would be very easy to win the FNs over with Christianity - But they quickly realized that the FNs were not willing to adopt to an extremely foreign and strange way of life which included values about words they didn’t even have in their language (e.g. sheep, shepherd) - They reached out for help from the Jesuits…

Answer 34

- Wealthiest of France Christian missionaries - They were quickly given a monopoly over missionary work in New France - Their work was much more successful

Answer 35

Group of nuns that arrived to Christianize young girls

Answer 36

159 years of volumes of recording of New France in this period, written by French Christians - Priests would write field letters describing New France and send them back to France - France discovered these published works were a good way to make money - Readers were interested in trials of clergy and missionary work - Problems: they often did not understand what they were writing about because things were new to them, and it was from their perspective The best series of sources.

Answer 37

1642: Ville Marie was built in Montreal In the early years, the Roman Catholic missionaries thought that the truth of Christianity and way of French life would be easily appealed to the FNs and they would adapt quickly. Quebec city was the heart of France up until now, the French realized they needed to spread out more: if FNs are not going to come to us, we will have to go to them to Christianize them. The first reserve was built by Christians for the FNs, they were building hospitals, schools, etc. Schools failed because FNs did not accept many of their values (e.g. beating children). FNs did not go to their hospitals because they associated Jesuits with death of Aboriginals.

Answer 38

They found commonalities at first: importance of spirituality, prayer, fasting, afterlife But their differences overran their commonalities. The Huron were polytheists and do not have a concept that resembled Jesus or hell, FNs accepted divorce and remarriage. What pulled them the furthest a part was disease.

Answer 39

- The Huron population was hit by smallpox and dropped from 20 000 to 10 000 shortly after the arrival of the Jesuit missionaries. - Every time the Priest gave someone First Rights, they would die, but the Priests would remain healthy - The Huron thought the Jesuits were strange and causing the death, and began to harass them and planned to kill them (though they did not because the missionaries were beneficial for fur trade; they had to trade to survive) - Disease pulled them apart, but in some ways brought them closer: some Huron began converting, thinking that their religion failed them and that the French God was stronger

Answer 40

Only baptized FNs could trade for guns and have alcohol and French were giving gifts during trade to Christian FNs

Answer 41

As a result of missionaries, the Huron people got pulled apart and ruptured into Christian Huron and non-Christian strands The French could not help but make it worse by favoriting the Christian members The Huron were weakened against their long-term enemy, the Iroquois Most of what we know about Huron, we know through recordings of the Iroquois

Answer 42

Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Onelda, Mohawk (eaters of human flesh - named by Algonquins) These 5 nations had been established 150 years earlier by the PeaceMaker Confederacy

Answer 43

Iroquois goal was to get groups to join their Peace Maker Confederacy, Huron declined Iroquois wanted access to the Huron fur trade Iroquois had a lot of fire power by this time; they were getting guns (they had 4x the fire power that the Huron did) 1640s: The Huron is weakened, the Iroquois is strengthened

Answer 44

Iroquois attacked the Huron - French Priests were captured, tortured, killed - Tortures involved mocking the French Christian religions - Example: priests were baptized with boiling water - Huron burned their own villages and fled (some to Christian Island on Georgian Bay, some wandered back to the Jesuits in Quebec, some joined with Algonquin, many joined with the Iroquois) This had major impacts on the development of New France...

Answer 45

Undoubtedly Negative - Disruption of fur trade - Loss of Priests - Lost NFs allies More raids from the Iroquois into the 1650s - The Iroquois almost made New France fail entirely as a colony and close up shop (farmers were farming with guns) - But thankfully, French came to a 5 year-truce with the Iroquois in early 1660s

Answer 46

The colony is forced to be stronger than it would have been otherwise - Young French traders (courier des Bois) take over for the Huron as the middlemen in fur trade - Huron has helped feed the Northern Algonquin allies and Courier des Bois. Now with them gone, New France had to expand agriculture - New France realized they and to defend themselves and became more organized in acting on resistance

Answer 47

- Dollard becomes a hero for New France (we do not know what his motivations were) - New France went from being under constant threat from Iroquois to tripling their population of French settlers in an aim to solidify New France as their colony 1640s-1650s New France was barely hanging one until… - France would be taking greater interest in New France from 1663 onwards…

Answer 48

- King Louis XIV believed in the divine right of Kings and that all power should go through him so he bypassed the nobility and made his rule a bureaucracy - His goal for all French colonies was to make them stronger more like France itself - Designated this goal as the responsibility of his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert - France makes New France like any place in France

Answer 49

Minister of New France, designated with the goal to make New France stronger

Answer 50

(1) Mercantilism Empires prosper by having colonies that supplied them with raw materials and ultimately could serve as a market for finished products) (2) Strategic Value 1664: England captured Dutch colonies in Eastern US and it was clear that France and England would be warring over property in North America So they beefed up French presence in North America (3) Prestige Believed there was opportunity here and wanted to make it grow with plenty of resources that would add to French Empire**

Answer 51

Much of the governing of the French colony was done by the following three… (1) Governor (2) Intendent (3) Bishop This system was very successful at the time. This system was not democratic, all these positions were appointed by the French Crown.

Answer 52

In charge of such matters as defense A noble with experience as a soldier Example: Louis de Buade, 1672-82 Comte de Frontenac, 1689-98

Answer 53

Peace time, main Royal Official Responsible for justice, Lawyer Example: Jean Talon, 1665-72

Answer 54

Appointed by the King as Prime Minister Responsible for moral influence of the colony Example: Francois de Laval, 1659-85

Answer 55

- Quebec had its own distinctive landholding system - Futile landlord-tenant system - Land was given to people by the King - The landlords who owned these pieces of property were called Seigneurs and the habitants of the land were called Censitaires

Answer 56

- The landlords who owned these pieces of property were called Seigneurs - Most Seigneurs were nobles (about 84%) - They then found settlers who would then farm the land - They would split the Seigneurs into lots and hire the farmers

Answer 57

- These lots of farm became known as Censitaires (habitants) - They were mostly surrounding the St. Lawrence River - Seigneurs was obliged to have a suitable house, a flour mill - They did not receive much money from rent income - Censitaires had to pay rent, tax, fees, work the land and sometimes the Seigneurs land - The burden on tenants in New France was less than those in France; they had a good diet of fish, meat, bread Allan Greer: there was no Seigneurial System (all settlements in America had similar systems)

Answer 58

the first intendant of New France

Answer 59

(1) Improve Relations with Iroquois (2) Encourage Economic Growth (3) Encourage Population Growth

Answer 60

Carignan-Salieres Regiment - He decided the best bet was to go to war with them - He brought over a regiment of 400 soldiers over from France - They were very unhappy to come and rioted about coming - Iroquois were already fighting with other FNs groups - Iroquois were ready to settle, meet with peace 1701: Great Peace Peace Settlement between the Iroquois and French

Answer 61

Making New France more of a model colony... - Self-sustained, able to support itself and then help support the French colony - Talon tried to diversify beyond the economy: he encouraged ship building, mining, timber - Other than fur, everything was available cheaper elsewhere - Operations in Canada were too expensive so it was given up and refocused on fur trade - Beer was an exception; it sold well locally

Answer 62

Talon wanted to increase population so he encouraged immigration... - Free livestock such as horses was sent over to get the livestock going - However, New France was not an easy sell (cold, war, threatened, uncleared land, lack of slaves) - Attempts to encourage new immigration to New France failed - For the entire century between 1600-1760, only 20 000 total French immigrants came to New France, and only 9000 French immigrants actually stayed - There was an 8:1 male-female issue - Colbert sought out young, single women to marry the men and repopulate - They were called the filles du roi...

Answer 63

The young, single women that Colbert invited to New France - The filles du roi was very successful - 1000 women came from France to New France (only 15% changed their minds, 4 requested separation, 30 returned to France) - It is very overemphasized that they are the founders of Quebec - The population of New France doubled to about 10 000, mostly situated between Montreal and Quebec This was especially thanks to High Birth Rates (thanks to a good diet, relatively healthy environment, low disease rate) New France had one of the highest birth rates ever recorded After this, the population of New France is self-made, it replaces itself and increases on its own

Answer 64

record of the (Filles du Roe) women being sent over by the King

Answer 65

After the arrival of the filles du roe, the population of New France increases and becomes self-sustained. We begin to see distinctiveness about New France…

Answer 66

(1) Linguistically distinct (2) Landholding System slightly distinct from France (the land is granted free of charge to the Seigneurs, in France it must be bought) (3) No military obligations (4) Farming Increasingly, they moved into farming By 1700, agriculture replaced fur trade as the main industry A culture has been developed along the St. Lawrence (the main strip) This becomes a staple idea of how Canada is made (5) Socially Distinct - Increasing habits of independence - Couples who wanted to get married simply stood up and proclaimed themselves as married - The habitants were not viewed at all as peasants for the independent lives they lived New France people began seeing themselves as a distinct people and began calling themselves "canadiens"

Answer 67

“Laurentian Thesis”: The St. Lawrence River’s influence as a transportation system in the development of Canada - Easy communication back with old world, while still allowing people to escape into the land - This makes Canadians different, there is more of a back and forth between the interland and France

Answer 68

New France had increasing habits of independence - Couples who wanted to get married simply stood up and proclaimed themselves as married - The habitants were not viewed at all as peasants for the independent lives they lived - New France people began seeing themselves as a distinct people and began calling themselves "canadiens" - The demands for social, religious or political independence were not developed in New France, in the same way as America, because it was not

Answer 69

Quebec City, Montreal, Trois Rivieres Quebec City: 8000 Montreal: 5000 Trois Rivières: smaller

Answer 70

New France has been about rural life and rural identity, but also had an active urban life tied to North American interior One quarter of New France was urban More urban existence than American colonies in the South The towns of New France were bigger than they had to be New France was a small colony centred on the fur trade that did not necessarily need towns, but became replicas of French existence and French culture Quebec city was merchants, clergy, government was centred More interest in culture in New France than British colonies in the South Jesuit Library (books being published) → rivaled Harvard Library in Massachusetts Grand buildings are on the edge of wilderness (example: passenger pigeons)

Answer 71

- Kidnapped by Iroquois, lived with them for a while and escaped - 1668: Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart explored Lake Superior looking for furs with Sieur de Groseilliers (his brother-in-law) - Collected many furs but were fined and their furs were confiscated because they were not licensed - Tried to convince New France to extend fur trade up past Hudson’s Bay, but were declined - They went to the English colony of Massachusetts, and eventually went to England too Contributed to the increased geographical knowledge of Northeastern North America (Example: 1670 Map)

Answer 72

In 1700s, English Colonies began to boom… Better climate, agriculture, better economy, slavery, middle-Class By 1700s, the 13 English Colonies to the South had a population of 20x that of New France

Answer 73

In 1668, Prince Rupert (cousin of King Charles II) sponsored the English expedition... They arrived in Hudson’s Bay in the fall, hundreds of First Nations shows up to trade, they collected fur and sailed back In 1670, the English King gave a charter to the Hudson’s Bay Company It was called Rupert’s Land (about half of present-day company) They set up forts along Hudson’s Bay and James Bay which allows them to trek further into interior It was easily accessible through numerous waterways and passages English traders came to them and had relatively easy passages to them and back to England Hudson’s Bay Company had 25% profit every year for the first 50 years, it changed the whole game of fur trade because suddenly the existence New France saw these colonies rapidly growing and moving up from the South, and England is now taking credit and ownership for the colonies in the Northwest, as well Foreign enemy powers in New France

Answer 74

New France’s path essentially determined by the top man with the strongest power: John Tallon in 1672 - He worked hard to make a compact colony of New France - He was sent back to France and Frontenac came in, promoting expansion of the fur trade (doing the opposite of Tallon) - He wanted to grow New France for both strategic and economic reasons, he thought New France should have greater control of the interior of the fur trade region - He sent explorers down South, toward the Mississippi Valley Relatively cosmopolitan towns that moved outwards over the GLs and down the Mississippi River - France was claiming areas widely beyond its control. They maintained it by building and cementing alliances with Aboriginal people. New France is being squeezed from the NW by the Hudson’s Bay Company (an English fur trading company) and from the SW by the English colonies.

Answer 75

La Salle found the opening into the Mississippi Valley and established Louisiana France built up a string to the West (Forts Frontenac, Niagara, Detroit and Michilimackinac), and in the core of it’s St. Lawrence River The French had just a few forts compared to the HB Company, but they scooped up the majority of the fur because they made sure that their traders worked as a cultural glue between the Aboriginals and the French (while the English did not care to do so) French traders were sort of Ambassadors They intermarry with FNs people They used fur trade to maintain FN allies, and used FN allies to maintain fur trade To survive, they needed allies and trade and got both from the FNs This was culminated in 1701…

Answer 76

Frontenac Niagara Detroit Michilimackinac

Answer 77

- New France makes a treaty with the Iroquois Iroquois numbers had been dwindling because of disease, so they had been doing less damage to NF - Iroquois agreed to neutrality in any conflict between English and French - This involved 39 different peoples from around the Great Lakes, and was a treaty among all those people, most basically with the Iroquois on one side and the rest on the other side - A treaty of peace among all the people living in and around the Great Lakes area - From a NF perspective, peace with the Iroquois is the most important to maintain - The colony of New France had more Aboriginal subjects than it did French subjects

Answer 78

those who are getting supplies and taking them with them and living off of those

Answer 79

less reliant, got good as they want, spent less time in their canoe

Answer 80

Acadians are caught between the French and the English conflict - Acadia was the present-day maritimes - Bay of Fundy - The boundaries of Acadia are unclear until 1755, it is a cause and effect of them being fought over by the British and the French - Acadia developed in the 1700s much like New France - Small population, low immigration, high birth rate, isolated from France (but even more so than New France) - Approx. 2000 Canadians in 1700 - Acadians develop their own distinct society and way of life - Dyke-Building (torches)

Answer 81

- It was centred on reclaimed marshlands along the Bay of Fundy - They “dyked up” the land, building it with dams to keep fresh water at low tide and keep the salt water from coming into lands at high tide - They turned wet marshy land into farmland (a system developed in New France) - Resulted in highly fertile farmland for the Acadians They adopted Seigneur system, but it was not paid any attention to - Acadians got along well with the Natives, especially because Maritimes Natives were not interested in the farmland - In the 1600s and 1700s the Acadians certainly knew war They were stuck close to British possessions - Acadia was vulnerable in times of conflict - It was seized and attacked by the Scottish, the Dutch and by the English and English American colonies numerous times - Torchis Home Construction: built homes with wood held together by mud with mud floors - Invaders would burn down their houses and leave, Acadians would rebuild them - Acadians being bullied every few years over the 100 years - Acadia was repeatedly used as a bargaining chip at the end of wars, especially between England and France - Little community between Acadians and other French societies

Answer 82

(1) Good Natural Defenses - Climate - Bodies of water - Maritimes and St. Lawrence River (2) Strong FN Alliances - Algonquin, Abenaque and numerous allies around St. Lawrence and Great Lakes - Treaty of Peace - The French were going beyond the GLs to the west of the American colonies (e.g. Ohio) and employed gift diplomacy - They gave the FNs people supplies, guns, rent for fur trade, paid them fees to travel - All to establish alliances (3) Unified Command - From 1663 on, when NF is made a royal province, it is clear that it has one, single political leadership - The American colonies to the south were developing many different colonies that had their own ideas and interests (so what we will later on see is American colonies dividing on wanting fight New France)

Answer 83

(1) Good Natural Defenses - Climate - Bodies of water - Maritimes and St. Lawrence River (2) Strong FN Alliances - Algonquin, Abenaque and numerous allies around St. Lawrence and Great Lakes - Treaty of Peace - The French were going beyond the GLs to the west of the American colonies (e.g. Ohio) and employed gift diplomacy - They gave the FNs people supplies, guns, rent for fur trade, paid them fees to travel - All to establish alliances (3) Unified Command - From 1663 on, when NF is made a royal province, it is clear that it has one, single political leadership - The American colonies to the south were developing many different colonies that had their own ideas and interests (so what we will later on see is American colonies dividing on wanting fight New France)

Answer 84

(1) Small Population (and claiming large land area) - New France is 1:20 of the size of the American colonies, and that gap kept growing - They were claiming a large area and were spread a lot thinner (2) Weak Economy - No matter what NF tried to do, they were dependent of the fur trade - Anything they tried to establish would not work and they were barely able to feed themselves - The fur trade is important as a canadian symbol because it spreads European interest in Canada - The cod fishery on CB Island alone was worth more than the entire fur trade to New France (3) Dependent on Mother Country - New France was absolutely dependent on France for food, in war, for soldiers, etc. - British colonies had larger populations and were more dependent, but could also rely on strong British navy when they needed

Answer 85

Even as the French in NF make peace with the Iroquois and cement all these allies in 1701 at Great Peace, France and England go back to war in 1702 At Port Royal in Acadia, 300 Acadian soldiers were defeated by 3400 British soldiers Britain makes an effort to take New France once and for all 1711: they come across Lake Champlain to New France Britain takes as many people to fight New France as New France has in its entire population Britain wants to get rid of New France entirely 900 men were killed in storms on their way and British troops coming over land turned back because of climate After the war, the Treaty of Utrecht made much more damage to New France than the war...

Answer 86

- King Louis II - France gave up Newfoundland, all claim to Hudson’s Bay and Acadia - But unfortunately, the treaty talked about Acadia in the ancient boundaries (which may have seemed at the time to be NS, but there was disagreement if it included NB too) - Treaty also gave the British control of the Iroquois Confederacy France kept New France, Cape Breton Island, PEI - This treaty began with a 30 year period of peace between Britain and France, but it still felt like a repris (for the French, in particular, to prepare for its next war against the British)

Answer 87

- The Acadians are now in British hands - The treaty gives the Acadians one year to decide if they would leave - The British wanted them to stay (they liked the population, they were good farmers, feared what they would do upon leaving) - The French hoped that they would leave and expected them to leave - British governors were happy, but made them give an oath to the British Crown - The Brits asked the Acadians to give oath 5 times and were refused every time - Ultimately, Brits decided to allow them to stay - They let Acadia maintain Catholicism (Britain tolerated it much more than they tolerated Catholicism in Britain)

Answer 88

1710s: Following the war, France built a massive Louisburg - Louisburg is built to be the key to French North American interests from 1710s onwards - It would be the main French fishing port in North America, shipping port to Carribean, was defended well and irritated British forces, the symbol of French power in North America - The French built it and invited the Acadians to move there, the Acadians sent representatives to go look: it was rocky, poor farmland, and not home to their culture so they decided to stay where they were

Answer 89

Acadians became known as the “neutral French” (term used by British, and then Acadians too)

Answer 90

First 30 years of this situation has been called Acadians “Golden Age” Acadia maintained Catholicism

Answer 91

- However, their loyalty was questioned Brits and French viewed them as unloyal - Acadians are living in this highly strategically moment for the Empires, just trying to live their own, quiet, agricultural lives - By the 1740s, it was clear that this period of peace was coming to an end - The American colonies to the South were pushing at the boundaries (example: at the West, the colonies were becoming highly populated and pushing Westward to what New France claimed as its own) - They are also pushing Northward, to Louisburg The Americans wanted a monopoly of the fisheries

Answer 92

- Britain and France engaged in a new war in Europe - The American colonies took it up in North America right away - The governor of Massachusetts sent people to take Enigmas in Louisburg, and people were paid for the amount of scalps they returned with - If Louisbourg were to be cut off, all supplies would be cut off to New France and the fur trade would end - 13 000 French soldiers sailed to Louisburg to fight the British, most died on the way - Massachusetts captures the fort and Britain gains control of it

Answer 93

- France sacrificed a great deal to get Louisbourg back - AND Britain gave it back - The American colonies were INFURIATED and dissatisfied with Britain, which eventually leads to the American Revolution… - There was no sense in 1748 that the war was over English maps depicted easy access to French Canada just after making peace with them, which shows that they were planning to act - Following this treaty was a period of “False Peace”...

Answer 94

Britain and France are trying to strengthen their position in maritimes (Nova Scotia)... In 1749, they officially called mainland Nova Scotia “Nova Scotia” (to purge it of any association with Acadians). - The British found Halifax in 1749, settled 2000 soldiers there, fortified it to be an equal to Louisbourg - They also settled around 1500 “foreign Protestants” around Lunenburg Nova Scotia to dilute the French presence of NS - Britain was quickly trying to change the French dynamics of the colony - The government has sketches (from 1748) of Acadian settlements as “proposed Protestant Settlements” → plans to kick them out - Having failed to bring the Acadians to Louisbourg, the French tried to bring them to Beausejour, but failed since Acadians wanted to stay neutral - British asked Acadians to sign British Oath again, but Acadians denied because they wanted to stay neutral

Answer 95

War breaks out between French and English → began in 1756 in Europe but began two years early in Canada; they were ready to go to war in North America. Seems like everything was against the French at this time and their loss was inevitable - The English American colonies had 20x the population of France - New France was probably capable of feeding itself at this time, but probably could not even feed their soldiers during war, while the American colony in Pennsylvania claimed they could “feed an army of 100 000” - France was still claiming the interior of North America, but Americans were moving inward from the West and impeding on it - However, even with all their advantages, English did not get off to a good start (1) 1754: In Virginia, george Washington (age 22) leads the Militia to Ohio to solidify American presence there and fails miserably and are captured by First Nation allies of the French and leave, admitting French claim to the area of Ohio (2) 1755: Americans attempt to take 4 French forts that had been “irritable to them” and they are only able to take one: the fort Beausejour (3) 1755: French and their FNs allies captured British fort: Fort William Henry and captured 200 American prisoners and killed them at the fort

Answer 96

When French and Fns capture Fort William Henry, really gets Americans against the French and the First Nations, especially the Iroquois Americans have a desire to rid all of them from the continent After capturing Fort Beausejour, the British governor (Charles Lawrence) decided there is less reason to tolerate Acadian neutrality (the “neutral French”) He called Acadian leaders to Halifax and gave them an ultimatum: Acadians must actively support British in the war or leave Acadians refused and claimed neutrality like they had been doing for decades, and offered British all of their weapons as a sign But Gov, Charles Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia, found that this was an insufficient loyalty to Britain and decided all who refused the oath were to be expelled

Answer 97

13 000 immediately removed - The first time in Modern Warfare that an entire group of people were to be removed (made refugees) because they are viewed to be a security risk - The NS government, with the help of 2000 anti-French American militiamen, made the expulsion happen: burned houses, seized land, seized ships - Britain decided not to send them to Quebec City or Louisbourg, with a fear that they would revolt and fight for the enemy - The Acadians were distributed widely: New England, American colonies, France, Louisiana - 7000 expelled in 1755 alone, and numbers continued for the remainder of the war - When the Acadians travelled on these bad shifts, there was a very high mortality rate from diseases that were unknown to Acadians (Typhoid, Smallpox) Approx. - 77 Acadian families that we know of stayed in France - Many more found France completely alien and made their way to Louisiana over decades (returned around 1785) - Now about 1 million Cajun ancestors in Louisiana now - Others fled to PEI, NFL, NB (eastern NB the heart of Acadian population today) - Acadians returned to NS after some time but found that people were farming their land, so they moved on - Acadian society was shaped around and by farming, but then become fishermen because they were booted to NB where the farming is poor but fishing is good

Answer 98

The French had many successes... - They raided some American colonies with FNs and defeated some British - Marche de Moncton - After expanding their presence in 1754-55, Marche de Moncton decided to retract back on St. Lawrence Valley, contract inward to their homeland - This gave British a rapris after suffering some defeats in this war - New British Prime Minister: William Pitt Pitt decided that Britain will win in North America - He pushes more money into the war in North America: more ships, troops, more British Army In 1756, Britain tries to take Louisbourg and were repelled by French forces in bad weather They tried again in 1758...

Answer 99

In 1756, Britain tries to take Louisbourg and were repelled by French forces in bad weather They tried again in 1758... - 25 000 soldiers stationed in Halifax sailed to Louisbourg - The single greatest British raid in North America - They meet almost all of the French soldiers who are in North America, all clustered in Louisbourg - The French could only take 6600 of the British, outnumbering them 4:1 Britain takes the fort of Louisbourg, however, the French have held them off long enough that the brits cannot move into the t. Lawrence Valley because winter is coming - PM Pitt was happy with the news: “the greatest news that this kingdom has welcomed” - To celebrate, Britain expelled a couple thousand more Acadians from Nova Scotia :( - More justified from the British perspective since now there is official war b/w British and France Elsewhere British forces are recapturing French colonies in North America and the British are winning - In 1759, the British focused entirely on Quebec Moncton moved all of his forces there Approx. 15 000 soldiers, 10 000 of which are Canadiens British forces were put under the control of James Wolfe

Answer 100

British Prime Minister during Seven Years War

Answer 101

The French left a part along the St. Lawrence River unclaimed and unprotected... James Wolfe writes home to his mom: Marquis de Montcalm has a big army of bad soldiers, but I have a small army of good soldiers - Wolfe is indecisive and does not know what to do yet - He was ailed by physical ailments that summer, and was depressed - He was not commanding English was knocking off the small minor French towns in the meantime - Wolfe knew he needed to get his troops in position for a European style battle, and knew winter was coming and would have to attack Quebec before he lost his naval support - His men found a small cove: Anse au Foulon - He situated his men on the Plains of Abraham

Answer 102

Approx. 15 000 soldiers, 10 000 of which are Canadiens British forces were put under the control of James Wolfe, a 32 year old general who was a soldier since he was 14 years old

Answer 103

Wolfe snuck the English forces to the the Plains of Abraham for a European style of battle - September 12 1959: he landed his men there late at night - He fooled the French sentiries by having his people speak French to them, the French border did not have any passwords September 13 1959: he situated his unprotected men on the Plains of Abraham near hills where the French could shoot cannons down from the hills and stay hidden in their fort - But the French did not wait for more men the British forces to become entrenched, Montcalm commanded them to - British waited for the French to come within firing range, fired at them, French retreated, scattered and surrendered to the British a few days later - Both sides lost 1500 men in the battle - Wolfe and Montcalm both died - The whole battle took 15 minutes British defeat of French conquests in North America. British ends French possession of Canada.

Answer 104

Instant commemoration of this battle and Wolfe in Britain… The conquest of the British over the French was extremely important for (1) Canadian History (2) Global History (at the time) It is an extremely important moment of English history - Wolfe was famous in 1760, but there was a feeling then that he would always be famous in Britain - Wolfe had defeated the French in 1759, and died doing so and his victory was celebrated - His death continued to be an important part of Canadian and World History… Most famous painting with a scene that takes place on Canadian soil: Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe (1770) - It was hugely popular, and merited a “copycat” of the French side of the French general who had lost - This was momentous in Canada and beyond Canada Ideological Opposites: (1) British: Protestants, constitutionalists (2) French: Catholics, absolutist monarchy But, after all this, the English and the French will both reside in Canada...

Answer 105

A huge anti-climax: many British died of scurvy that winter

Answer 106

7000 French troops who had been outside Quebec (from New France) marched upon the streets of Quebec Just down the street from the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the French forces beat some British forces and went on to Quebec to continue into victory British forces come sailing up the St. Lawrence River to Quebec and Levis is forced to retreat and surrender once and for all

Answer 107

British wanted to fill the Acadians land (who had just been expelled) as quickly as possible, so they began advertising it - New England Planters

Answer 108

Poor farmers in the American colonies (from new England, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut) were attracted - About 7500 move to Nova Scotia and begin farming the land: the Planters - The Planters were moving from pretty developed American colonies to pretty undeveloped Nova Scotia (no sense of a strong government system, social system) - About half of the planters moved back home Nova Scotia in the 1760s slowly increases from planters, some British settlers, some Acadians who returned

Answer 109

The Candiens did not know what to expect, especially after seeing what happened to the Acadians - The wealthy elite returned back to France - In a way, New France loses its economic business and politically elite - British Prime Minister (Pitt) is unsure of what to do with New France - Treaty of Paris

Answer 110

Britain, in its negotiations with France, realizes it should/will give up either Canada or Guadeloupe to France... - Canada was costing them money and resources, because they had to keep an army there (since they will be stuck with the situation that there will always be French there) - Guadeloupe had sugar which was a big money maker, Canada was taking money - Canada was not easily accessible, it was huge but all of the land was hard to get to and the climate was poor - Guadeloupe was small with good climate, so you could travel anywhere in it Britain decided to keep Canada, mainly to avoid future war with France. France did not care much. Britain is responsible for administering a French population in North America. Britain brought Americans up to Canada, but the settlers did not like the French nor did they like the climate, they preferred to move West. Britain realized they would have to get used to a large French population.

Answer 111

(1) Integrating Quebec into the British Empire (2) Defining the borders of British Colonies in North America Under Governor James Murray and Gov. Guy Carleton

Answer 112

First governor of Quebec (1764-66)

Answer 113

Governor of Quebec (1768-70 and 1774-78)

Answer 114

It was decided that Quebec would be like other colonies - That is, it was promised and elected an assembly, would give British law, Canadiens would be forced to sign an oath of allegiance to the British Crown - Catholics (almost entire Quebec/French population) could not vote or hold office, but Church was not being outlawed - Catholic Church had freedoms that likely would not have been allowed in Britain itself - Quebecers were not being exiled - French Canadians were more or less happy with this proclamation James Murray - First governor, James Murray, felt that to keep Quebec happy, he must keep their elite happy - He retained the Seigneurial system so that Seigneurs would maintain the land that their family did a century earlier - Murray did not think much of the British merchants who were trying to move in

Answer 115

Limits Quebec to around British Territory: Quebec (St. Lawrence), Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Rupertsland - West of the Ohio Valley is Indian Territory - This is the first time that a European power has defined land as being Aboriginal territory (the first recognition of an Aboriginal “right”) - Not so much as recognizing an Aboriginal territory, as much as it is trying to keep the British territory small and manageable - This infuriated Americans - They did not stop pouring into the Ohio Valley just because it was claimed as Indian Territory - What to do with Quebec occupied a considerable amount of time in Great Britain - British Assembly in which the 5% minority of British Protestants could vote, and 95% French Catholics could not - Murray realized this would be a problem and did not want to give power to British merchants - He was sent back to Great Britain and replaced by Guy Carleton Guy Carleton - Second governor, Guy Carleton thought the same thing as Murray - Carleton helped draft the Quebec Act in 1774

Answer 116

- An attempt to make the majority of both sides happy so that business will prosper - It gave provisions for the French majority and British minority - Quebec will have a distinct status within the British Empire (1) Government: Quebec will have no elected Assembly, rather, rule will be done by the Governor and its counsel (2) Religion: Roman Catholic Religion would be allowed They would even make taxing mandatory, so that the Church could have some wealth (3) Land: Seigneurial system would be maintained (4) Law: Quebec will have French civil law, separate from British criminal law - To keep the British merchants happy, the Act expanded the Quebec border back into the Ohio region - French got along better with the FNs than the Americans - This infuriated the Americans even more than the Royal Proclamation

Answer 117

April 1775: American Revolution (Americans saw it as a revolution, British saw it as a rebellion) (1) Americans resented high British taxes, enforcement of British laws, American nationalism was growing (2) American unhappiness with the British policy with respect to Quebec was a key cause for the American revolution (3) The Americans helped the British in the French and Indian war, and defeated the French and FNs peoples Then, at American expense, the British gives land to the French and the FNs Americans were infuriated (4) The Americans were feeling that this return to a non-elected authoritarian government in Quebec was a sign of the direction that Britain was going (5) Americans thought Britain was using Quebec as a base against the Americans (unlikely) but Britain probably sensed a potential revolution form the Americans so they decided to keep the French there and on their side, just in case

Answer 118

they would have the support of the Canadian colonies (Nova Scotia and Quebec)

Answer 119

- In Quebec, American propagandists tried to stir up support for rebellion and a desire for liberty - The French merchants feared the American democratic ideologies and persuaded the habitants not to side with the Americans 1775: The American Continental Congress gets together (all 13 colonies) and decide how to pursue rebellion The American forces decide that any colony which does not join the Americans is open to being ambushed The Americans decide that Canada is up for grabs

Answer 120

- Carleton, the British governor felt he had done everything he could to make the French Canadians happy and assumed their loyalty - He built up a French army, but French Canadians had no interest or desire which upset Carleton - The French did not forget the horrors (looting, burning) of the Seven Years War and Wolff - French are not ready to fight for the British quite yet French Canadians wished to be neutral, and this lessened Carleton’s opinions on them, and he gained better opinions of the British merchants who openly support Britain against the Americans (in fear of losing the fur trade to the Americans, especially)

Answer 121

Gets together (all 13 colonies) and decide how to pursue rebellion The American forces decide that any colony which does not join the Americans is open to being ambushed The Americans decide that Canada is up for grabs

Answer 122

American General “I will eat Christmas dinner in Quebec City or in hell” Montgomery heads north with men, takes Montreal, heads to Quebec City

Answer 123

American General Takes his men through the wilderness of mainland and also heads for Quebec City. These men are starving and poorly equipped (example: Arnold loses almost half of men).

Answer 124

On New Year’s Eve, 1775, during a blinding snowstorm, the Americans try to conquer Quebec City but are easily defeated by British forces (Montgomery died in the battle) Americans are unable to take Quebec that winter, but they did occupy over 50 parishes around Quebec - British government is outraged that these American colonies were fighting for own independence AND trying to take other British colonies - British ordered a large fleet to Quebec City - Americans were dismayed to see this sailing up St. Lawrence and headed back home - British did not chase them - They had just sailed across the Atlantic and were poorly fed, and then when they arrive in Quebec they are fed really well (with lots of vegetables) and there is a bad outbreak of dire diarrhea ...and the British did not affect the Americans from Canada

Answer 125

(1) The Economy: British soldiers had to be fed, grain prices went up (2) Unified Quebec: strengthened the feelings of the Canadians toward the British ...On the other hand, the Revolution had shown the British that they could not be assured the active support of French Canadians

Answer 126

One might assume that the idea of the American Revolution would be attractive to Nova Scotians... - The majority of the population at this time was recently arrived Americans who were very unhappy with the corrupt and distant colonial government in Halifax - The minority of the population was Acadians who have returned to NS - But Nova Scotia was actually neutral during the American Revolution, just as the French Canadians in Quebec were

Answer 127

(1) These Americans in NS were not as American as the Americans living in American colonies; they had drifted to NS a decade earlier and missed some of the biggest grievances the American colonies had with Great Britain, therefore, were not nearly as much filled with hatred toward British (2) The Acadians did not see much value in siding with the Americans; it is one English-speaking group versus another English-speaking group (3) In NS, there was increasing antagonism against New England. As soon as the Revolution began, New England used that as an excuse to raid and attack Nova Scotia and take anything they could get away with. NS is upset and begins to attack New England in smaller ways.

Answer 128

Britain decides that one of the reasons the Americans revolted in the first place was because Britain began taxing their colonies for small taxes that would not go back into American colonies, but went elsewhere in the world British colony made this act which said that anytime we tax a colony for money, the money must be used in that colony Britain practices this Act beyond the Revolution, which affects Canada American Independence from Great Britain is achieved (Britain has been so fed up with anti-colonies by this point, they thought about giving up Quebec and Nova Scotia to the Americans, but did not)

Answer 129

Britain ceded all area West of the Great Lakes and South of the Mississippi (gave it to the Americans) The rest is still Spanish Britain would keep Quebec, Nova Scotia, Rupert's Land It made zero mention of First Nations people (although it was their land being talked about) Britain has successfully taken these French colonies, and loses their American colonies having done so, and does not even know what to do with the Canadian colonies

Answer 130

For Canada, the most important result of the revolution was the coming of the Loyalists - About 50 American military units that fought for British - Loyalists were persecuted by Americans for siding with the British - They had property confiscated, jailed, tarred and feathered, made to pay double and triple the taxes, etc. - In some places where the majority of the population consisted of loyalists, American supporters were shunned - About 20% of white American colonists became loyalists - Highest percentage was in New York, but they existed all over 13 American colonies About 50 000 of them came to Canada More than half of the 50 000 were born into American colonies 3000 were black (either free or slaves) 2000 were Aboriginal

Answer 131

Americans who fought on the British side during the American Revolution, or sided with the British, or were believed to side with the British, or at the end, decided to stay with the British instead of the Americans after the Revolution About 50 000 of them came to Canada - More than half of the 50 000 were born into American colonies - 3000 were black (either free or slaves) - 2000 were Aboriginal

Answer 132

1. Quebec | 2. Maritimes (mainly NS, PEI, some NB)

Answer 133

Many of the first Loyalists in Quebec were First Nations lead by Joseph Brant About 10 000 white American colonists arrived in Quebec too

Answer 134

- Among the first loyalists arrivals in Quebec were Aboriginals (Mohawk and Seneca from the Ohio Valley area) - Lead by Joseph Brant Brant lead them in fights for the British - Despite supporting the British, there is no mention of Aboriginals in the Treaty of Paris - Therefore, they did not acknowledge it - The war was over between the British and Americans, but First Nations groups did not even acknowledge yet that the war was over - Americans had no interest of accepting Aboriginal claim to territory - Brant convinced the governor of Quebec at the time to give the FNs the Grand River Land for compensation (this is land given to Quebec by the Mississauga) - They were given a very small strip of land - Brant and the group of Mohawks were the first to arrive in terms of the loyalists, but they were not alone

Answer 135

About 10 000 white American colonists arrived in Quebec too... - Governor was not sure what to do with them, though he was happy to welcome English-speaking British to the colony - He had them settle in the Western part of the colony where there were few French, so that they would not have conflict with them

Answer 136

The arrival of these white American loyalists changed the face of the 4 colonies: they were English speaking, conservative, pro-British and anti-American → they can be seen as the backbone of Canada’s independence - The infusion of this number of English-speaking Protestant British subjects changed the dynamics - When they began to settle in Canada, they pressed for their rights - Began demanding British system of property, law and an elected assembly

Answer 137

- American Loyalists had a British supporter: Carleton Carleton only received French neutrality in return for the rights Carleton got for them - Carleton was responsible for moving the loyalists, and became much friendlier to English speaking settlers He second guessed himself, maybe Quebec will not remain a French speaking colony afterall

Answer 138

Nova Scotia was the most popular settlement for the loyalists (especially New Englanders) 34 000 loyalists came to Nova Scotia About half of them go to mainland, and the other half go to New Brunswick

Answer 139

About 17 000 loyalists go to New Brunswick because NS was crowded

Answer 140

NB loyalists petition to London to start their own colony because they are too far from Halifax Britain agrees to it 1784: New Brunswick; Britain creates a separate colony called “New Brunswick”

Answer 141

NB loyalists petition to London to start their own colony because they are too far from Halifax Britain agrees to it 1784: New Brunswick; Britain creates a separate colony called “New Brunswick”

Answer 142

Immediate problems arise after founding of NB... (1) Not as much available land that has been promised to them and very little infrastructure (2) They were not experienced farmers but it is supposed to be a farm colony So loyalists decide to move on from NS and NB from what they call “Nova Scarcity” ``` Loyalists went to Quebec England Some went back to America (weird) Sierra Leone? ``` Example: in 1784, 10 000 people arrive in Shelbourne, and within 30 years, it goes down to 600 There was a black loyalist population (approx. 1000) in Shelbourne that left for Sierra Leone, Africa

Answer 143

Nova Scotia grew because of Loyalists and New Brunswick came to be because of Loyalists, but their growth was gradual from then on The population dynamics of BNA are different now Britain must reimagine these colonies

Answer 144

1791: The British Parliament debates the Canada Bill - This is the first time the British actually calls it Canada - They come up with what is known officially as the Constitutional Act - It is the most discussion about Canada that ever takes place in British Parliament - In Europe, at this time, the French Revolution has just happened and the American Revolution just occurred so Britain is trying to determine how they will keep the Canadians happy and avoid democracy and mob rule Divides colonies into Upper and Lower Canada

Answer 145

Constitutional Act locks Quebec into two different colonies: Upper Canada and Lower Canada (to reduce tensions) It appears that there are two different colonies developing: (1) Upper Canada: English majority (2) Lower Canada: French majority Both get their own legislative assembly Upper Canada will be like any other British colony (no seigneurial system, free land that anyone could buy) Lower Canada would remain a distinct society (it keeps the BNA) This is basically the culmination of British trying to figure out what to do after the Conquest

Answer 146

The loyalists who come to Quebec are shoved to the Western part of the colony (what becomes Upper Canada) They did not immediately displace the FNs living there, but they did in the long run by taking over the land 7500 loyalists come to upper canada After the war, many who initially went to Nova Scotia came to Upper Canada About 30 000 white settlers in upper Canada Regular settlers received 160 acres of land, as long as they cleared it, maintained it and built a road in front of it Clear land became an obsession to these people Example: Diaries of Elizabeth Simcoe (wife of John Graves Simcoe) that describe the early life in Upper Canada...settlers are moving in, want to farm, but trees are in the way so they burn them down as quickly as they can to ready it for settlement

Answer 147

1791-1796: John Graves Simcoe, 1st Lieutenant. Governor

Answer 148

Success as a British officer during American Revolution Instituted many changes 1. Names 2. Land Policy 3. Anglican Church 4. 1793: Simcoe Abolishes Slavery

Answer 149

Renamed many things in Ontario after Great Britain In Quebec city in 1791, he decided he wanted the capital of Upper Canada to be in the heart of the country He chose the capital by looking at a map: London He renamed it London, renamed the river the Thames Then he arrived in London, and decided it was not nice enough to be the capital so he ended up moving the capital to what the FNs call Toronto, and renames it York (it had better harbour) Ordered the construction of a military road all the way from York to London called Dundas Street

Answer 150

His most important work Simcoe was fiercely pro-British (which meant being anti-American) He assumed Americans had temporary insanity, so tried to win them back by offering them free land ``` Many came, they were known as Late Loyalists Late Loyalists (“Plain Folks”) ``` Simcoe was imagining that Upper Canada would be an elite British colony, though many of the Late Loyalists did not buy into that but were happy to take the free land

Answer 151

Simcoe made the Anglican Church the Church of Upper Canada Only Anglicans could get married The most elite were Anglicans, they feared Americans and democracy and feared Catholics because they were French and therefore dangerously foreign

Answer 152

In 1793, Simcoe makes Upper Canada the first place in the world to abolish slavery Protect black loyalists, protect and honour a promise made to blacks in the British army Slavery was never very feasible in BNA because there were not the same monocultures as in South America which required large groups to do dirty work Population had jumped to 75 000

Answer 153

Americans who moved to Upper Canada in the 1790s, long after the Revolution Some of them were from sects, such as plain folks, amish, mennonites, etc. to be free from religious persecution by living on large pieces of land together Many were Americans heading West and stayed in Upper Canada for a while on the way Late loyalists outnumbering the real loyalists 4:1

Answer 154

1789: the beginning of the French Revolution (French Revolution is the overthrowing of the monarchy in France, and establishing a Republican under Napoleon) Britain goes to war with France from 1793-1815, Napoleonic Wars Note: Britain feared that these radical French ideas of democracy and pulling down the elites/monarchy would arise in Lower Canada, as well) This caused some major changes in BNA...

Answer 155

France blockades Great Britain from trading with almost all countries Britain was kind of sick of their colonies (Americans had just revolted) but during the Napoleonic Wars, they needed their colonies more than ever since Napoleon blocked GB from trading BNA was of much greater interest to Britain This was very important for Canada, and Canadian economic and population growth

Answer 156

Since Britain is at war with France, it did not deal well with the US… 1. British treatment of American Shipping / Sailors 2. British-American disputes in the Ohio country 3. Tecumseh’s Confederacy 4. American “war hawks”

Answer 157

- British prevented American ships from entering French waters - Searched American ships for British deserters from the war - Ignored American citizenship papers and forced 1000s of Americans into service for British navy - Even though America was a different country, Britain is still involving them in the war - Americans begin talking about war, using the slogan “Free Trade and Sailors Rights” - Americans did not like how the British were treating them since the Revolution, and especially now

Answer 158

- Poor writing in Treaty of Paris lead to disputes - First Nations are doing trade in American territory - Upper Canada is profiting off American land so Americans are irritated

Answer 159

- Tecumseh: a First Nations warrior - Takes up idea of Aboriginal Independence - Begins raiding Americans in Ohio territory - Tecumseh’s War, 1811 - Americans wrongly blame British for encouraging Tecumseh to perform these raids

Answer 160

- Americans thought that America was so great and full of such great ideas, that all of North America should be an American nation - Upper Canada looked especially good for this because it was populated by Americans - War Hawks - James Madison declared war on Great Britain

Answer 161

Americans began the War of 1812 very confident and optimistic... - Canada looked easy, on paper (outnumbered 10:1 by Americans) - Americans were optimistic that the Canadians might even join the Americans, specifically in Upper and Lower Canada - The British army was busy fighting Napoleon in France Thomas Jefferson: conquering Canada will be “a mere matter of marching” ***** But, the Americans were overconfident - the US harboured some weaknesses in the war... (1) Support for the war was mainly in the West (where there were not many people, and in the South, where they were too far away to be involved) Most of the other US states were not that into the war (New England, New York) (2) Americans were not well-lead at this point (Example: General Haul, who marched into Canada in the late fall without winter coats, and his men froze and they had to retreat) Haul says anyone who does not side with him will be killed, poor leader

Answer 162

commander of British forces in Upper Canada

Answer 163

British forces were well-lead by Isaac Brock - Brock tried to build good relations with First Nations - Americans faced a shock when they tried to take Canada in the War of 1812 (specifically in 1812) - Upper Canada is the only place that really sees the war from 1812-1814 - Lower Canada - Maritimes were uninterested in the war and sat it out - Americans invading Upper Canada in 1812 suffer a shock - British take Fort Michilimackinac - Brock chased Haul’s men all the way back to detroit, where Haul’s men surrendered

Answer 164

Americans sail up the river, and meet Brock and his men at Queenston Heights Brock was killed in this Battle Two American Generals complain about each other in American newspaper, and call each other to a duel In the duel, they both shoot each other and both miss 1812 had been a good year for the British 1813-1814 was not so successful for the British…

Answer 165

British and American forces engaged in a Naval arms race (both sides are building bigger and bigger ships and guns then shooting each other to sink them) Americans burned down York (Toronto) and Niagara Americans planned another attack on British troops and Laura Secord heard of it and told the British about it, British - with the help of the Mohawk - staved them off before the Americans could act The War ended when Napoleon (French dictator) gave up France wrapped up the war and Britain can afford to send reinforcements from Europe to focus more on the war in North America British sent troops, burned down Buffalo and Washington (the President's House, the Capitol Building, the White House) British brought in 15, 000 soldiers to protect Canada Now there are as many British soldiers fighting as there are American soldiers Implicit threat that the British could brings thousands and thousands more soldiers The Americans felt threatened by that, but there was no appetite for more war on Britain's part and they were happy to finish up war of 1812

Answer 166

Treaty of Ghent (1814, Christmas Day) (1) Returned things to what they had been before the war - Borders stayed the same - Did not try to solve all the problems that had caused the war (2) Peace Between US and Britain (Canada) - Shortly after this treaty, Britain and the US agreed on a non-aggression pact: we will no longer have military fleets/battleships in the Great Lakes (3) Strengthens Canada - They agree in writing on the border West of the great Lakes - 49th parallel divided longitude west of the Great Lakes all the way to the rocky mountains

Answer 167

In a sense, the war lead the US and Canada to create a huge, long, undefended border So it can be said that the war of 1812 lead to the start of peaceful relations between these two countries Canada was not so enthusiastic about getting American immigrants BNA stopped trying to get British Americans, which meant they would have to get immigrants and settlers from somewhere else Peace between US and Britain (Canada) strengthens Canada The war strengthened Upper Canada and Lower Canada Upper Canada: the people had united, defended against the attack, not much damage so it did not take them long to rebuild Lower Canada: not a sense, at all, that the French Canadians might side with the Americans, there was a recognition in LC, that if they did side with Americans they would be a major minority and lose their rights Strengthened both UC and LC in their positions under the British Crown

Answer 168

War opened up to a variety of interpretations of who won the war. One thing we know for sure is that it was not the First Nations... Moravian Town: Tecumseh, who lead the War of 1812, died there and his confederacy collapsed. That was the end of political and military forces for FNs, at this kind of international level.

Answer 169

Tecumseh, who lead the War of 1812, died there and his confederacy collapsed. That was the end of political and military forces for FNs, at this kind of international level.

Answer 170

- Very little presence in Rupert's Land - Instead, they built forts along Hudson bay and James Bay and waited for middlemen to come to them - They did not go into the continent, they stayed on the shores and expected fur traders to come to them - Each post was commanded by a chief trader

Answer 171

Most trade for the HBC came from York Factory... From the Hudson’s Bay Company’s point of view, it was very advantageous to stay at forts along the water - They were close to forest and animals - Could sail back to England at any time if there was conflict - Did not have to spend any money on building a colony or employing a lot of traders to go inland The HBC started to doubt this practice of sitting and waiting for the fur trade to come to them, thought they could be more proactive... They were called “asleep by the frozen sea” because they could be making more money off the fur trade if they were more active Increasing pressure for HBC to begin engaging and expanding fur trade into interior (and expanding Britain’s claim of land in doing so)

Answer 172

The Hudson’s Bay Company sat on the edge of HB and JB for a century which worked for them well, because they were without competition in the West for generations This begins to change when French traders start moving west...

Answer 173

Eventually the HBC begin moving inland... Henley House is the first Inland house built by the HBC (1743) Anthony Henday explored/moved to the rocky mountains and met the Cree there

Answer 174

In 1783, the Montreal traders working as individuals bonded together and built the Northwest Company The result was much more competition for fur Even the HBC is shaken enough that it had to begin expanding Example: 1774: 17 fur trade forts 1804: 430 fur trade forts What this meant was a far greater expansion of European impact throughout the West in this period This was still very much Aboriginal land, most of it has negligible European presence Huge increase in exploration of the West: the underarching reason for this interest in exploration is trade (money, commerce)

Answer 175

First European explorer to explore Arctic 1771: sets of with a band of Chippewa - Travelled through Northern Tundra - Traces from Coppermine river to the Arctic - Before he did his travels, nobody really understood how far West to East this country was - He had never met anyone that ever saw the Pacific ocean - By heading North up the river, he showed that it was extremely difficult to explore and travel through Canada

Answer 176

First person of European descent to cross the continent North of Mexico 1792: Travelled along the Peace River, through the rockies and Fraser river, to central BC His FNs guides warned him to avoid Fraser river so he continued on foot through their trade routes through the forest instead That summer, he reached the Pacific ocean He knew that his discovery was going to make people rich, and maybe even him Once England takes control of everything, they will have everything: fishing in both seas, fur trade can be taken to China Inspired Thomas Jefferson to do the same thing a few years later in the South

Answer 177

In this period of the late 1700s into the early 1800s, there are surveyors who are filling in the map for the HBC (example: Peter Fedler, who travelled 48 000 miles on foot) Thompson was apprenticed with the NW Company at age 14 and travelled about 56 000 miles mapping more than North America than anyone When he retired to Montreal he was assigned the job of stitching all of his surveying maps together to create one big 2m x 3m map

Answer 178

No clear date of when the Europeans first made contact with West Coast Aboriginal people Maybe it was Juan De Fuca in the 1590s, Spanish ignored his expenditures

Answer 179

Vitus Bering, 1730s, Danish man working for Russians travelling from Siberia and travels down Alaska Gets Russians and other Europeans interested in West Coast for sea otter pelts Lead to an international fur rush for the sea otter, and as a result, SPanish begin being interested in the West Coast again (2 centuries too late)

Answer 180

Juan Perez, Spanish explorer in 1770s claimed Queens Islands, this is the first recorded contact between Europeans and FNs Just as it is in the east Coast, the FNs come out in their boats with their furs and engage with him to trade Suggests that this was not the first contact, FNs were familiar with trade

Answer 181

James Cook, in the 1770s, an already famous British explorer stopped off in BC and traded for sea otter pelts and then took them to Macau in Asia and got a lot of money from them Traders in Macau were willing to pay a lot more for them which lead to a massive influx of trade, to the point that the sea otters almost went extinct Spain and Britain began arguing over who had the right to present-day BC And ended up agreeing to a joint occupation, but Spain’s Empire was declining in this period, so by the time they agreed to this, Spain basically gave up on the trade

Answer 182

To cement their claim, British sent George Vancouver to chart the coastline from Oregon to Alaska He finds that the Strait of Juan De Fuca leads to an Island 1793: Vancouver lays anchor in Bella Coola and misses Alexander MacKenzie walking across Bella Coola a couple weeks earlier

Answer 183

Prior to the 1780s, First Nations controlled the interior of Canada They trapped, they took their furs to to distant forts, they were in a strong position of trading for goods Very few Europeans invaded on this First Nations territory from the GLs onward In the 1780s, it begins to decline Foundation of the NWC in 1783 meant expansion into First Nations territory HBC feels they have the right to all of this territory (Rupert's Land) Territorial monopoly, rather than a fur trade monopoly (e.g. if someone wanted to sell a beaver fur on that land, HBC controlled that) NWC ignored the HBC “authority” over the land With both companies moving into the interior, it became an “arm’s race” of boats (Lake Canoes and York Boats)

Answer 184

NWC built larger and larger canoes that could hold 3 tonnes of fur

Answer 185

HBC, retaliating NWC's Lake Canoes , built York boats York boats were even larger, 40 feet long, and carried 6 tonnes of freight Safer on lakes and in storms, wouldn’t tip, but it was too big to carry

Answer 186

NWC decided that they would expand into interior (1) Voyageurs NWC tended to rely on second, third and fourth generation voyageurs, even though it was newer (2) Relations w FNs NWC tended to have better relations and worked harder at having good relations with First Nations (3) Proft-Sharing NWC had employees who were profit-sharing; the more furs they brought, the more money they made, and they received more of it (whereas the HBC was salary-based)

Answer 187

HBC had one overarching advantage over the NWC: the Hudson’s Bay (they were closer to the interior) NWC: in Montreal, had to travel great distances to trade in NorthWest, which cut their profits and made it a lot more difficult to feed people, who were travelling such long distances every day

Answer 188

Prior to this competition, when fur trade was beginning in the NorthWest, the effects on the FNs were pretty narrow and affected only those close to the forts Cree were close to forts, they became fur traders For those more distant from forts, life was pretty much unaffected When trade started to expand, effects were pretty limited and FNs found themselves capable of choosing if they were going to involve themselves with Europeans Example: Blackfoot (positive story) However, eventually for other First Nations groups of the NorthWest, change became quicker, harder and more traumatic

Answer 189

A Plains group of First Nations centred around the Buffalo who become engaged in fur trade with the HBC Horses came with the Spanish to Central America in the 1500s, they went wild and headed north over generations and made it up to the prairies before Europeans arrive Blackfoot loved this, because the horse was great for catching Buffalo What they do not realise is that it was a European technology Initially then, the Blackfoot refused the fur trade, but then eventually began trading with HBC (wolf, buffalo, etc.) Pemmican: they also began feeding the HBC, supplying the fur traders with dried buffalo meat Encouraged Plains groups, like Blackfoot, to engage in trade with these fur traders Blackfoot are even a positive story, they got into trade with Europeans slowly and gradually, made their own decisions about what they wanted to do, profited off of it, and used all the other parts of the Buffalo Blackfoot began not engaged in fur trade and moved into a commercial relationship with Europeans

Answer 190

dried buffalo meat Pemmican became a staple for the fur trade: it was easily-portable energy that could be compressed into small amounts of food While canoeing, voyageurs would eat a kilogram of Buffalo a day (8 quarter pounders, but had the caloric intake of 32 quarter pounders) Pemmican was not tasty, but became a commodity HBC begins buying Pemmican (way more than they need) from the First Nations just to make sure that NWC is not getting it

Answer 191

1. Disease/Depopulation 2. Dislocation 3. Depletion of Wildlife 4. Dependency

Answer 192

As soon as these traders move into the NorthWest, they bring disease with them 1780s: major smallpox epidemic across the West (3 quarters of Ojibwe across Western superior, 3 quarters of the Woodland Cree) - We do not know everything about this disease - But we know that a lot of First Nations died - It could have actually spread up from Mexico It encouraged the spread of the HBC and NWC into the West - Not sure if the smallpox brought the fur traders, or the fur traders brought the smallpox - Wherever Europeans are coming, disease is coming too Early 1800s: the FN population in Canada troughs (maybe 175 000 FNs across Canada at this time)

Answer 193

Heightened warfare DISEASE - In part because of disrupted population because of things like disease: FNs societies are moving around, bumping into each other and going to war with each other (1) Assiniboine: Red River Valley area of Manitoba move deeper into Plains to kill more Buffalo (2) Cootinae: Alberta side of rocky mountains, First Nations get pushed to the other side of the rockies towards BC by the Blackfoot GUNS - There is a differential on guns - Some groups have traded and gotten guns, while others haven’t, which made warfare more common and more deadly in this area

Answer 194

- Such an active fur trade, and so much competition made for a whole lot of extinction of fur-bearing animals in this location - Occasionally, this was done on purpose: groups would take as much as they could and kill the other animals they could not carry so the other groups could not get them

Answer 195

Combining all these things, increasingly in this era, the peoples of the West had no choice but to engage in trade and they get sucked into trade and a European way of life Example: Ojibway of NW Ontario were great in 1790s but by early 1800s, they are more dependent on Europeans when they begin running out of Beaver to trade for and cannot feed themselves anymore, so Ojibway had no choice but to keep on trading and moving further to find animals Trade for alcohol and tobacco weakend First Nations society by increasing the accessibility of these goods

Answer 196

- Male Europeans and Female Aboriginals - Men were French voyageurs and English traders - 40% of French Canadians today have at least one First Nations ancestor today - These marriages were alliances, that were key for cementing even greater alliances - Increasingly the people of mixed descent began marrying more mixed decent people and did not think of themselves as First Nations or French

Answer 197

French + First Nations Mix 1000 metis women and children living at NWC forts They spoke a dialect: mix between French and Cree (Michif dialect)

Answer 198

Scottish/British + First Nations Mix Some Scottish and First Nations married Lived in Manitoba and spoke a dialect: mix between Cree, Ojibway, Gaelic and English (Bungi dialect)

Answer 199

Mixed-descent began self-defining as distinct, and the companies they worked for began distinguishing them too Fully-Aboriginal people and partially-aboriginal people Gave preference to partially-aboriginal people This further split and povertized the Aboriginal society

Answer 200

The stabilizing of the fur trade can be seen in the period of the 1810s The Scottish begin realizing they can make more money with sheep than people and began throwing peasants off the land and replacing them with sheep Thomas Douglas wanted to help peasants so he helped them settle in North America Lord Selkirk Grant: Lord Selkirk was a major investor in the HBC, wanting to profit, he asks HBC for a land grant, and said he would populate it Received a land grant 5x the size of Scotland itself (Red River, Manitoba) 1812: Selkirk dropped about 100 Scottish settlers there, with very few supplies, no food, barely survived winter (only thanks to generosity of NWC and Metis, or else they all would have starved to death)

Answer 201

Lord Selkirk was a Scottish major investor in the HBC Wanting to profit, he asks HBC for a land grant, and said he would populate it

Answer 202

Lord Selkirk Grant was a major investor in the HBC. Wanting to profit, he asks HBC for a land grant, and said he would populate it. He received a land grant 5x the size of Scotland itself (Red River, Manitoba). 1812: Selkirk dropped about 100 Scottish settlers there, with very few supplies, no food, barely survived winter (only thanks to generosity of NWC and Metis, or else they all would have starved to death) - Metis let them live, but were irritated because it was a control in the land they were living in, and interfere in the trade routes and was at the heart of the Buffalo trading - They thought the HBC was messing with them - NWC took things into their own hands - At first, they paid settlers to leave … those who wouldn’t leave would have their colonies burned down - Selkirk sent more settlers This lead to the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.

Answer 203

It was a battle between the Selkirk settlers, NWC and Metis in Red River, Manitoba. - The Metis who had been supplying NWC with pemmican confronted Scottish settlers and killed 21 of them including the new governor - From a European perspective, this was trouble. - Violence and resulting lawsuits from the violence soon revealed the realization that this competition could no longer continue and Selkirk stopped sending settlers there. (Additionally, beaver population in West was drying up.)

Answer 204

HBC and NWC merge

Answer 205

- This era of competition and wild west existence is over - Owners get an equal number of shares - It is clear that the HBC is the real winner - Its name, headquarters in London remain and trade remains out of HB instead of Montreal - Traders of NWC are bought out and turn to timber, etc. - Trade is firmly in the hands of the HBC from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean for the next half century In States, its people first, then law In Canadian West, its law first, then people People in Canada arrive to already established law and authority

Answer 206

Head of HBC (1821-1860) - He ran HBC as a business with an iron fist - First thing he does is close half of the fur trade posts, which cuts employment by two thirds - The people who suffer the most are the First Nations and Metis people

Answer 207

Immigration to BNA from Great Britain during this period Roughly 36 000 British Immigrants 1816: 6000 1832: 66 000 1847: 110, 000 In total, just short of one million immigrants come from Great Britain to British North America

Midterm Exam Flashcards

Pre-Confederation (232 cards)