Midterm exam Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
1865: Civil war over. North wins and confederates lose. Need to bring back south into union and reconstruct south because
A
- literal reconstruction: infrastructure
- Political reconstruction: How do we let them back into the union?
- Most important: Social reconstruction: Needed to figure out a balance with the different ideologies about slavery.
2
Q
13th amendment
A
Abolishes slavery unless you are convicted of a crime. 4 million slaves are set free. However, it just says they are not slaves. It does not say what the freedmen/freedwomen were. They are citizens but what does that mean? Can they vote? Should they pay taxes?
Can they own land? Can they hold political office? Or buy a home/ get a job?
3
Q
Reconstruction
A
1865-1877
4
Q
1865
A
Lincoln is assassinated. Vice president Andrew Johnson becomes next president but he hates rich whites and hates blacks (was a racist).
5
Q
Johnson lets south back into union but southerners do 2 things
A
- they had to acknowledge that slavery was over but try to hold on to previous status quo. Try to keep blacks to be as close to slaves as possible.
- So white southerners create laws called black codes in southern states to ensure this. Codes restrict black citizens like they were still slaves.
6
Q
Vacrancy laws
A
blacks could not wander around to get jobs. Black people could be arrested for this and brought back to old slave masters.
7
Q
North wins but south tries determine the direction of future. So congress refuses to seat old southern confederates in congress and pass a series of laws
A
- Civil rights act of 1866
- Freedmen bureau
- 14th amendment
8
Q
Civil rights act of 1866
A
Gets rid of black codes and discrimination. was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.[1] It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States.[2] This legislation was passed by Congress in 1865 and vetoed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson again vetoed it, but a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto to become law without presidential signature.
John Bingham and other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress ratified the 1866 Act in 1870.
9
Q
Freedmen Bureau
A
Agents help freedmen transition. Get them land and jobs and education
10
Q
14th amendment
A
Grants citizenship to african americans. Anyone born in america is a citizen. Also says that all citizens have equal protection and due process
11
Q
What south has to do to rejoin
A
- South ratifies the 14th amendment
- Take in freedmen’s bureau
- Pay off war debt
12
Q
New southern groups
A
- Freedmen
- Carpet baggers: a Northerner in the South after the American Civil War usually seeking private gain under the reconstruction governments
- Scaliwags: any Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction after the Civil War or who joined with the black freedman and the carpetbagger (q.v.) in support of Republican Party policies. The term is pejorative
13
Q
Harriet Beecher Stone
A
Abolishnists and writes uncle tom’s cabin novel.
14
Q
New republican governments in the south push for
A
- Public education for blacks and whites. This required money. So, implented taxes in the south but the south was still financially struggling so this enraged them
- 10,000 northern troops are implemented in the south to try to help freedmen to ensure southern whites do not discriminate. However, not enough troops because south is so huge
15
Q
1868
A
Andrew jonhson presidential election. Ulssyes Grant becomes president. Grant was a union president and ran on civil war. Republicans are determined to stay in power by gaining power in the south through the blacks. Republicans rely on laws.
16
Q
15th amendment
A
1869 establishes voting rights to black males but not white women. The right to vote will not be denied based on skin color.
17
Q
Minor v. Happersett 1875
A
is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens
18
Q
What whites did about freedmen
A
- Try to use loopholes to prevent them from voting: poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clause.
- Used violence and discrimination
19
Q
Ku Klux Klan
A
founded by Nathan Bedford Forest previous confederate leader.
20
Q
Sharecropping
A
was a compromise. Blacks worked land whites owned the land. Blacks get a house on this land and pay rent with the crops they grow. Was protected during reconstruction but afterwards whites were able to put blacks into debt went they competed against international market and lower prices of crops so then blacks made less money. Put blacks in debt.
21
Q
Colfax massacre of 1873
A
The Colfax massacre, or Colfax riot as the events are termed on the 1950 state historic marker, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the seat of Grant Parish, when approximately 150 black men were murdered by white Southerners. Blacks were killed over voting
22
Q
1876 presidential election
A
Grant does not run for a third term. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes (last civil war president) runs against Democrat Samuel Tilden. Could not decided the votes in florida, south carolina, and louisianna. So use a congressional committee to decide. 7 republicans and 7 democrats and one independent. But the independent died and was replaced by a republican which won Hayes the election
23
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
Rutherford wins presidency. He promises to remove soldiers from the south and southerners were now able to do whatever they wanted. Were now able to discriminate openly against blacks
24
Q
Gilded Age
A
1870-1900. Gilded means fake gold. America looks like the shiny star but underneath layers bad things. A lot of social problems even though economy seemed to be growing. Economic changed through technology. America changes from rural to urban. Worshiped God but then began worshiping money.
25
Modern
New. Also means relevant. Autonomous. Machines. Human jobs being replaced by machines. While economy grows the gap between the poor and rich classes increases. the 99% vs. the 1 %
26
Robber Baron
a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices (originally with reference to prominent US businessmen in the late 19th century). Entrepreneurs like Rockefeller (oil), Vanderbilt (rail road), and Carnegie (steel). They grow the economy at the expense of the poor people
27
Steel
was the key manufacturing in the economy during this time. Used to use iron but steel was more durable and lighter. Also still had to be made by skilled workers which was inefficient. But with the introduction of machines it made making steel much more easy
28
1869
Nation united by rail roads. Railroad industry becomes America's first $1 billion industry
29
Leland Stanton
enterprising ex-governor of California who had useful political connections, part of big four. was an industrialist and politician who amassed a large fortune from the development of the railroad industry in the west. He was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad Company that helped build the first transcontinental railroad.
30
Capitalism
an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. Commerce, corporation. Competition is the key because competition leads to lower prices and better goods. Robber barons wanted to have a monopoly and controlled the market so prices were not as low
31
How did Carnegie control the market for Steel industry?
vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. Controlled the industry by controlling raw materials up to final product. Owned the iron mines, coal fields, and stands of timber. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation
32
How did Rockefeller control the oil industry?
Horizontal integration: Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation. He allowed others to get the oil from ground but they had to send it to him because he was the only able to refine it. Owned up to 80% of refineries
33
Rockefeller wanted to own more of the oil industry so he had his lawyer, Samuel Dodd come up with a scheme
Created a Trust. is often used in a historical sense to refer to monopolies or near-monopoliesTrust. Stockholders of several competing corporations turn in their stock to trustees in exchange for a trust certificate entitling them to a dividend. Asked all competition if they wanted to join together in a trust and will gain more money. If they did not join the trust Rockefeller would have crushed them. This trust became Standard Oil
34
1886 Santa Clara courts v. Southern Pacific Rail Roads
Determined corporations are people and are protected by the 14th amendment. So, can't have laws that signal corporations out. A corporation never truly dies unless it goes bankrupt. So protected for its entire existence.
35
What did capitalism and industrialization do?
Gave people choices. They can choose what they want to buy. Choices in the market. Con: you become increasingly dependent on corporations. Was the american revolution a failure? We replaced one king with another -- (big business)
36
1879
Henry George publishes book: "Progress and Poverty" the progress U.S. is making with capitalism is causing more poverty for citizens.
37
1888
Edward Bellgmy: publishes "Looking Backward" Utopian novel: ideal world. Ideals of america have been perverted by capitalism.
38
1890
Ignatiuse Donnelly Lloyd: publishes dystopian novel: "Caesar's column" People in future whose world is awful because capitalism is uncontrolled. Best seller.
39
1894
Henry Demarest Lloyd: journalist investigation about Rockefeller's crooked business: "Wealth Against Common Wealth"
40
Significance of all of these books
These four books show that U.S. citizens were unsure and concerned about the effects of capitalism
41
Opposition to industrialization
Transition to industrialization was not peaceful or easy. People were angry because of their loss of independence. They thought that maybe the american revolution had been a failure because we replaced one king with another (big businesses)
42
Loss of independence
Workers go from skilled-semi skilled to unskilled. People being replaced by machines. To have skilled workers it cost too much and took too much time. Skilled workers had leverage, power, control, and made more money. Deskilling drived wages down, made workers lose leverage, power, and control. Lose value to employer and become easily replaceable and disposable. Become dependent on boss like dependence on a king. Workers were rebelling against "kings" of industry". Fighting for independence.
43
Capitalism
efficient work to develop lots of goods quickly and cheaply. Leads to the assembly line from 1900-1920s. Assembly line began with the meat packing industry. Armour and Swift changed the way meat was produced. Gone was the age of the skilled butcher
44
Frederick Winslou Taylor
focused on efficient production. 1911 book: "Principles of suitable management". Tried to find most efficient ways for all industries. Looking at peoples jobs and turning/replacing them with machines
45
Workers had recource: they could unionize:
| The Knights of Labor (1860s) Popular in the 1880s
Founder: Teverence Powderile. Inclusive about class and producers. Skilled, unskilled, men, women, blacks, and whites could join. Only chinese could not join. Membership began decreasing dramatically because it could not pay its members white they were striking and so there were also no members dues.
46
1885 big strike against most oppressive railroads
The Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886 was a labor union strike involving more than 200,000 workers. Beginning on March 1, 1886, railroad workers in five states struck against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads, owned by Jay Gould. At least ten people were killed. The unravelling of the strike within two months led directly to the collapse of the Knights of Labor and the formation of the American Federation of Labor.
47
American Federation of Labor
Founded by Samuel Gompers. Cared about workers on the work floor not class. Bread and butter unionism: putting money into the pockets of laborers. Was for skilled white workers.
48
1870-1910
America had the most strikes
49
1877
The great railroad strikes. During the panic of 1873 1000s of workers lost their jobs. wages still cut and work hours increased. Workers set fire on Pittsburg land. Rail road calls in U.S. troops. Workers labeled as communists.
50
1886
workers strike for 8 hour work days
51
Haymarket massacre of 1886
At Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, a bomb is thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up a labor rally. The police responded with wild gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more.
The demonstration, which drew some 1,500 Chicago workers, was organized by German-born labor radicals in protest of the killing of a striker by the Chicago police the day before. Midway into the rally, which had thinned out because of rain, a force of nearly 200 policemen arrived to disperse the workers. As the police advanced toward the 300 remaining protesters, an individual who was never positively identified threw a bomb at them. After the explosion and subsequent police gunfire, more than a dozen people lay dead or dying, and close to 100 were injured.
The Haymarket Square Riot set off a national wave of xenophobia . 7 cops killed
52
Great Railroad strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local populations feared that workers were rising in revolution such as the Paris Commune of 1871.
At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions. The city and state governments organized armed militias, aided by national guard, federal troops and private militias organized by the railroads, who fought against the workers. Disruption was widespread and at its height, the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers. With the intervention of federal troops in several locations, most of the strikes were suppressed by early August. Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions. Fearing the social disruption, many cities built armories to support their militias; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of the effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period.
With public attention on workers' wages and conditions, the B&O in 1880 founded an Employee Relief Association to provide death benefits and some health care. In 1884 it established a worker pension plan. Other improvements generally had to await further economic growth and associated wage increases.
53
1892 Homestead strike
violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred on July 6, 1892, in Homestead, Pennsylvania. The strike pitted the company’s management (which included owner American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and American industrialist Henry Clay Frick), the strikebreakers (replacement workers) who had been hired, and the Pinkerton National Detective Agency against members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, who worked for the company. A gun battle resulted in which a number of Pinkerton agents and strikers were killed and many were injured.Frick opened his campaign by cutting the workers’ wages. The union, understandably, rejected the wage cut. In late June, Frick responded by locking the workers out and building a massive barbed-wire-topped fence around the plant. many Pinkertons were savagely beaten by the crowd along the way to the jail, and the barges they arrived on were burned. Later that night the Pinkertons were released and sent away from the town on a train bound for Pittsburgh. Public support for the strikers, undermined by the brutal treatment of the surrendered Pinkertons, suffered more damage with an assassination attempt on Frick by Russian anarchist Alexander Berkman, who was not connected to the union.
54
1894- Pullman
Pull man owns train car factory in chicago. He built a community and homes for his workers. However, after cutting the wages due to the panic of 1893 workers could not pay rent due to the wage cut. Pullman refused to cut rent prices so a lot of them were kicked out. American Railroad Union gets involved. Head of the union Eugene Debs says he'll help the workers and refuses to provide service to Pullman.Shuts down railroad and stops trade. Pullman called in government troops to break up strike and also uses legal system. 1890 Sherman anti trust act. Olney implements the anti trust act. Since union is restraining trade they take the union to court. Court rules in favor of Pullman. Arrests Debs.
55
1890 sherman anti trust act
Approved July 2, 1890, The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. ... Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate business.
56
New immigration
People from southern and eastern europe. different because of cultures. seen as inferior. Includes Jews, italians, polish, and russians
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Push factors for immigration
Wars, economic resessions, religious presucution, politics.
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Pull factors
Freedom and jobs
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1880-1920
Immigration process very simple unless you are sick or disabled. Immigrants came in through Ellis Island
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Chain migration
You go to a place where people you already know from home are
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Birds of passage
1 in 5 immigrants went back and forth between home and america. Why? Because some could not find jobs. Or man comes to get a job and goes home to bring his family back to america with him
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Why did they settle in urban areas
There was housing and jobs. More opportunities. Americans did not like immigrants because they were different. Saw immigrants as dirty, crime prone, disgusting. But immigrants took the hard labor jobs we didn't want that ended up industrializing america
63
Ways to improve urban/ immigration conditions
Women from settlement houses helped them like Jane Addams from Hull house. Wanted them to assimilate to american life and become american. Wanted them to toss away their old culture. But really immigrants have one foot in both cultures (Acculturalization). Holds on to their original culture. 2) Voting 3)Political machines
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Political machines
Like boss tweed. Offered immigrants better living conditions and jobs in exchange for their votes. Voting back then was public so political machines could see who voted for them. They would do a lot of things to get votes from immigrants. Helped with rent and funerals and various other things
65
City Beautiful movement
Wanted to clean up New York City. So created Central Park. However, they closed it on Sundays. That was immigrants only day off. So immigrants protested. They were not allowed to play on the grass or walk on it would be arressted. But immigrants wanted to play on the grass not walk after a long day of work. 1890s to 1900s
66
Trolley
Developed in 1888.First form of public city transportation. Allows suburbs to be created. People live near where they work but not in there. Rich people lived away from poor people due to suburbs. Allowed cities to build up due to steel and skyscrapers. Invention of the elevator.
67
Populism
started in 1892. Farmers were trying to get their status money and power back. Banks and railroads were their main enemies. Court case 1877 Munn v. Illinois: Illinois has the right to set rates for railroad. 1886 Wabash v. Illinois overturns this decision and rules in favor of business. So farmers form Farmer alliance
68
December 1890
Populist meet in Ocala Florida. Demands: 1) the national banks be abolished. 2) Subtreasury: Government will give money/ loan money to farmers based on crops. 3) Expansion of money supply by turning to silver not gold. More silver than gold. Or can make fiat money (printed money). 4) Direct election of senators 5) Tariff: tax on goods hurt farmers who want to sell crops to other countries. 6)No women voters
69
1892
Populist party nominates James Weaver for presidential election. He loses.
70
Tom watson
runs in 1890 and supports both blacks and whites. Blames classes for the struggle of races. Loses. So instead runs on racism and becomes a powerful politician
71
1896
Populist party merges with the democratic party. Throw out radical ideas. Keeps direct election of senators and silver money rule. Runs William J. Bryan as democrat. He loses to Mckinley. First modern presidential election because Bryan campaigns across the country.
72
1901
President Mckinley is assassinated and Vice President Teddy Roosevelt becomes president.
73
Spanish Cuban American war
U.S. sides with Cuba
74
Feb. 1898
Mckinley sends navy to show strength. the USS Maine explodes and 150 americans die. Americans blame the Spanish
75
Apri 1898
America goes to war with Spain for three months and wins.
76
Treaty of paris December 1898
1. Cuba becomes independent. 2. U.S. gained Porto Rico as a territory. First territory outside of U.S. 3. U.S. gains the Philippines. Wanted this in order to have access to china. U.S. tried to convert and "civilize". 4. U.S. gets Guam for a naval port for US navy
77
Platt Amendment
Gave the U.S. the right to replace Cuban leader if they do not like them. Cuba not really independent because it is very dependent on the U.S.. This enrages cubans . Phillipinos angry as well because they wanted independence so went to war with U.S.
78
Philippine American War
Emilio Aguinaldo; Guerilla war with U.S. lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902.[1] While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence. he conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the short Spanish–American War. The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and disease.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million.[27][8] The war, and especially the following occupation by the U.S., changed the culture of the islands, leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion, and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industry, and, in future decades, among upper-class families and educated individual.
