Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neural Biology > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain composed of the tectum and tegmentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tectum

A

“roof”; dorsal structure containing the inferior and superior colliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inferior colliculus

A

structure in the tectum relating to audition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

superior colliculus

A

structure in the tectum relating to vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tegmentum

A

“covering”; ventral structure containing the red nucleus and part of the reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

red nucleus

A

structure in tegmentum relating to motor coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hindbrain

A

pons, medulla, and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pons

A

“bridge”; main connection b/w brain and cerebellum

• relates to eye movements in REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”; home to most of the neurons and relating to posture, walking, coordination; also integrates and modifies motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reticular formation

A

sleep and consciousness; matrix of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies that form much of the core of the brainstem, extending from the medulla, from the spinal cord, to the intra-laminate nuclei of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

raphe nucleus

A

reticular formation structure related to serotonin synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parvocellular reticular nuclei

A

reticular formation structure related to regulating exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gigantocellular nuclei

A

reticular formation structure related to cardiovascular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla; “relay station” relating to respiration, heart rate, and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thalamus

A

structure acts as a gateway to the cortex, with all senses except olfaction making synaptic relays here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypothalamus

A

the main link between the nervous and endocrine system that controls circadian rhythms, homeostastis, and hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic structure that receives information from RGCs and sends axons to V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Massa intermedia

A

thalamic structure that connects the left and right parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic structure that receives information from inner ear and sends axons to A1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A

thalamic structure that projects somatosensory information to primary sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pulvinar nucleus

A

thalamic structure that relates to attention and integrative function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
basal ganglia
subcortical structures associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion • action selection, reward based learning, action gating • dopamine receptors
26
striatum
grey matter structure of the basal ganglia composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen
27
basal ganglia structures
caudate nucleus, global pallidus, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
28
Limbic system
``` Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate gyrus Anterior thalamus Mamillary bodies Hypothalamus • emotional regulation • memory, cognitive control ```
29
telencephalon
division of the forebrain comprised of the cerebrum, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, amygdala, and basal ganglia
30
parietal lobe
part of the cerebrum that integrates information from different modalities + sensory and pneumonic info + internal and external reality • spatial processing, integration, spatial relations
31
somatosensory area
part of the cerebrum located posterior to the central sulcus that relates to touch, pain, temperature, limb position
32
frontal lobe
part of the cerebrum that is involves in planning, judgement, initiative, empathy, human appreciation, and interpersonal behaviours
33
frontal lobe parts
``` dorsolaterial prefrontal medial prefrontal orbitofrontal ventrolateral primary motor cortex ```
34
voluntary motor action area
located anterior to the central sulcus and involved in output
35
taste area
the insula and limbic system
36
rolandic fissure
central sulcus separating frontal and parietal lobea
37
olfaction area
orbitofrontal cortex
38
major processing zones (cerebrum)
primary motor primary sensory limbic system association cortex
39
vision area
occopital lobe; primary visual cortex V1
40
neocortex
90% of the cerebral cortex and containing 6 layers comprising the primary motor and somatosensory cortex, and association areas
41
Layer 1
most superficial layer of the neocortex and last to mature
42
Layer IV
input layer of the neocortex with large proportion of stellate neurons
43
Layer V
output layer of neocortex with large proportion of pyramidal neurons
44
audition area
superior temporal lobe, Heschels gyrus (B41) with tonotopic organization
45
B41
Heschels gyrus; auditory area in superior temporal lobe
46
superior temporal lobe
auditory area
47
primary motor cortex
BA4 receives input from cerebellum and basal ganglia via thalamus and premotor area; output layer contains largest neurons (Betz's cells - pyramidal neurons)
48
temporal lobe
part of the cerebrum that relates to memory, emotion, auditory processing, and visual object recognition
49
memory
medial temporal lobe
50
visual object recognition
inferior temporal lobe
51
Posterior cerebral artery
the basilar vertebral arteries that supply the back of the brain
52
anterior cerebral artery
the inferior carotid artery that supplies the from of the brain
53
sylvian fissure
the lateral fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
54
corticofugal
projections that extend from more central structures toward the PNS e.g. corticothalamic
55
Peripheral nervous system
the courier network comprising the somatic and autonomic nervous system
56
somatic nervous system
part of the PNS relating to voluntary muscle control
57
autonomic nervous system
part of PNS relating to automated visceral function (smooth muscles)
58
nerves
bundles of axons and glial cells
59
ganglia
clumps of nerve cell bodies
60
sympathetic nervous system
part of ANS that uses norepinephrine as its main neurotransmitter
61
parasympathetic nervous system
part of ANS that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter
62
Afferent spinal nerves
sensory and dorsal
63
Efferent spinal nerves
motor and ventral
64
Dorsal horn
grey matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory and interneurons and is afferent
65
ventral horn
grey matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons and is efferent
66
central nervous system
part of the NS that contains the spinal cord and brain
67
Commissures
axons/white matter that projects from one hemisphere to the other in bundles e.g. corpus callosum
68
Association tracts
axons/white matter tracts that run from one cortical region to another in the same hemisphere
69
Projection tracts
axons/white matter that run between the cortex/deeper cortical structures and the spinal cord
70
choroid plexus
a group of specialized cells and arteries in the ventricle wall lining that produce CSF and act as a barrier to toxins
71
Dura mater
outer and thickest layer of the meninges
72
Arachnoid layer
the middle, weblike layer of the meninges
73
Pia mater
the inner and thinnest layer of the meninges
74
Subarachnoid layer
the space between the pia mater and arachnoic layer where CSF flows into
75
Cerebrospinal fluid
surround the brain and spine providing cushioning, nourishment, and disposal of waste
76
white matter
primarily myelenated axons that transmit signals over long distance
77
grey matter
primarily neuronal cell bodies for local communication between cells
78
anterior
rostral
79
posterior
caudal
80
ventral
inferior
81
dorsal
superior
82
ectoderm
outer layer of the blastula that becomes the NS and outer skin
83
mesoderm
middle layer of the blastula that becomes the skeletal system and voluntary muscle
84
endoderm
inner layer of the blastula that becomes the gut and digestive organs
85
cognitive neuroscience
branch of neuroscience concerned with the biological processes of the nervous system which form the basis of cognitive functioning
86
cardiocentricism
egyptian era of investigation and process linking the heart and behaviour
87
cerebrocentricism
ancient greek era of investigation and process linking brain and behaviour; earliest considerations of brain as the organ for mental life
88
hippocrates
(4th century BC) believed brain is responsible for intellect, senses, knowledge, emotions, mental illness
89
aristotle
ancient greek who suggested a return to cardiocentricism
90
Galen
(1-2 century AD) ancient greek who saw the brain as the seat of the psyche; ventricles and vital spirits central to action and sesnes
91
Albertus Magnus
(1506) The ventricular system placing perception at the front, memory posterior, and reason in between
92
Descartes
(17th century) believed man was unique in the possession of a rational mind and its interaction with the material body via the pineal gland as a control centre
93
Localism
emerged in early 1800s out of cranioscopy by Gall
94
Bouillaud
localized speech ability to anterior cerebrum but failed to consider hemispheric asymmetry
95
Holism
equipotentiality; all brain structures contribute to all functions equally
96
Wernicke
proponent of connectionism/associationism who researched sensory aphasia
97
Lashley
proponent of equipotentiality/theory of mass action
98
Luria
identified three systems of specialization/localized function 1. brainstem - arousal 2. anterior - planning/output 3. posterior - sensory input
99
single dissociation
part of the localization of function; localized damage affects one task but not another task or ability
100
double dissociation
part of the localization of function; damage in an area affects one ability but not another in subject I while opposite occurs for subject II in another area; implies two different mechanisms AND that they operate independently of one another

Neural Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions