Midterm Exam Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What date did the Celebration of Epiphany take place?
A
January 6th
2
Q
What did the Celebration of Epiphany observe?
A
Celebrated the arrival of the Magi observing Jesus Birth
3
Q
Celebration of Christmas for East and West
A
West: December 25th
East: January 6th
4
Q
What event took place prior to Easter?
A
Season of Lent 40 days prior to Easter day
5
Q
Primary Event on the Church calendar?
A
Easter
6
Q
What was celebrated after Easter for 50 days?
A
Celebration of Pentecost; occurred 7 weeks after Easter.
7
Q
What were the 3 major political parties in Jesus’ day?
A
Pharisees
Essenes
Scribes
8
Q
Scribes
A
Were Lawyers or teachers of the law; Nihilists
9
Q
Pharisees
A
Established new synagogues; Law focused; created new laws to help keep the OT Law
10
Q
Essenes
A
Very religious; focused on purity and how well you maintained purity;
11
Q
Hellenism
A
The Spread of Greek culture
12
Q
Mishnah
A
Commentary on the Law
13
Q
Talmud
A
commentary on the Mishnah
14
Q
Stoicism
A
Philosophical teaching; The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge; the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain.
15
Q
Septuagint
A
Greek translation of the Jewish Scriptures from the third century BC
16
Q
What are the two pillars of the Christian faith in the 1st Century?
A
- Atoning death of Jesus Christ.
2. His resurrection from the dead.
17
Q
Who is “James the Just”?
A
James the half brother of Jesus who would go on to lead the Jerusalem Church.
18
Q
Who is referred to as the “Second founder” of Christianity?
A
The Apostle Paul
19
Q
Who was the leading figure of the Church at the end of the first century?
A
The Apostle John
20
Q
The Gospel of Thomas
A
an Apocryphal work on the Wisdom sayings of Jesus
21
Q
Pantheistic
A
God permeated all things and was not independent of all things
22
Q
Humanities (teaching)
A
Best life is by living in accordance with reason derived from nature
23
Q
Cynics
A
Rebelled against laws
Came from wealthy families
24
Q
Platonism
A
Concept of Objective reality
Held the position that although nature changes there are things that are real and unchanging
25
Who is given the name "The Father of Heresies"?
Simon Magnus
26
Who is seen as the first teacher of Gnosticism?
Simon Magnus
27
Gnosticism
All matter or substance is evil and what is spirit is good; For humans to experience salvation, what is needed is an enlightenment. (Gnosis)
28
Valentinus
1. taught that there is truth in all people who just need help to tap into this truth
2. Educated in Alexandria; Understood that salvation had to come through knowledge of the savior, the self, and God;
3. Reformer of gnosticism specifically with his mysticism;
29
Marcion
The first major heretic of the early church
30
What is Marcionism?
Taught a heretical dualism that says that the God of the Old Testament (angry God) is different from the God of the New Testament (Jesus Christ)
31
Pax Romana?
The Peace of Rome; refers to a peaceful time under Rome where people could travel around the empire;
32
What were 5 key factors that helped the Gospel spread?
1. Pax Romana- Peace of Rome
2. Roman Roads safe for travel
3. Prominence of Greek Language.
4. Growth of Greek Philosophy
5. Jews in the Roman City
33
Who were the God fearers?
Greeks who attended Jewish Synagogues receptive to God.
34
Three strands of Jewish Christianity?
1. Ebionites
2. Nazaraeans
3. Elkesaites
35
Ebionites (3)
Gentile converts must submit to the Law of Moses;
Jesus is man and they rejected the virgin birth;
He is Messiah based on virtue and righteous living;
36
Nazaraeans
Middle Ground
| accepted Gentile believers without expectation of upholding the Law;
37
Elkesites
absorbed Gnostic tendencies;
38
What happens by 260-300 AD?
The Church is relatively free from persecution due to the Roman empire in shambles
39
What year was Martyrdom spread?
250-51 AD
40
Who was the first major figure to persecute the church?
Emperor Nero
41
What is the Didache?
Church order Written in 100 AD in Syria it is a manual of Church life in 3 parts:
1. Two ways- Moral teachings for new believers
2. Election of Local leaders
3. Eschatological Conclusions
42
Epistle of Barnabas
a letter or treatise- written in 97/135 possibly Alexandria
Addresses the debate with Jews over the OT "Whose is the Covenant?"
They say Christians not the Jews
43
1 Clement
Letter written in 96 from the church in Rome to the church in Corinth;
Deals with schism in Corinth
44
2 Clement (3)
Sermon written in 100-150 from Corinth (not sure of the author)
Delivered on the subject of Repentance
The church is the pre-existent body of Jesus Christ
Concerned with Christian holy living and how to live a righteous life.
45
Shepherd of Hermas
Apocalypse writing from 100-155 written in Rome
The longest work in the Apostolic Fathers;
Collection of visions, Parables and commandments
Addresses what to do about sins after Baptism.
Discusses the church as eternal and information on contemporary organization
46
works of Ignatius
Letters written in 117 from Antioch of Syria
Addresses division in the church. The divisiveness of some toward Christian leaders;
Discusses the roles in the church.
47
Letter of Polycarp
letter written 115-135 from Smyrna to the Philippians requesting the works of Ignatius;
He wrote on instructions in righteousness
Addresses a Presbyter by the name of Valens dealing with temptation of avarice
48
Work of Papias
written in ca. 130 from Hierapolis; Explanations of the Oracles of the Lord;
49
Ignatius
Bishop of Antioch
| Wrote 7 letters
50
Docetists (ism)
Heretical teaching that Jesus only appeared to be truly human
51
Polycarp
(69-155) Bishop of Smyrna; Disciple of the Apostle John. Martyred at age 86.
52
Work of Papias
From Hierapolis
Known as first non-canonical writer to give a specifically millennial interpretation to the Christian eschatological hope.
Discusses eschatological matters
53
Gospel of Peter
Apocrypha writing: Passion Narrative rejected for suspected Docetic leanings;
54
Protevangelium of James
Apocrypha writing: concerns the birth of Jesus and centers on Mary; provides elaboration of Marian Doctrine
55
Acts of Peter
Apocrypha writing: second century reflect basic orthodox viewpoints
56
Acts of Paul
Apocrypha writing: second century reflect basic orthodox viewpoints
57
Acts of John
Apocrypha writing: reflects gnostic dualism; dated in the second or third century;
58
Epistle of the Apostles
Apocrypha writing: ca 150 it is a supposed post resurrection "revelation" by the Lord to his apostles
59
Apocalypse of Peter
Apocrypha writing: The revelation concerns the punishments of various kinds of sinners in the afterlife.
60
The Odes of Solomon
earliest possible surviving Christian Hymn book
61
Ascension of Isaiah
contains the account of Isaiah's martyrdom;
62
5 methods of the Church
1. Preaching
2. Catechesis
3. House Churches
4. Written Works/ Apologetics
5. Social Work
63
Catechesis
The teaching/ Discipleship used by the church to provide new believers with solid foundation. Also used to convert others.
64
House Churches
How the early church would gather in homes
65
Apologetics
Makes the case for the faith for someone who doesn't know the word of God.
66
Social Work
Church focused heavily on caring for widows and orphans, the sick, Slaves, Prisoners,
67
Primary Role of the Bishop? (5)
1. Preach the Word
2. Teach the word
3. Administering financial concerns
4. Administering Baptism
5. Administering the Lord's Supper
68
Sub-Deacons
deacons in training;
69
Lectors
Responsible for orally reading the text of scripture; protected the text;
70
Exorcists
Worked with the Deacons with those who have gone through the process and been baptized; helped new believers renounce the ways of the old life;
71
Acolyths
aids toward the bishops; similar to a seminary role;
72
Janitors
Took care of the church facilities
73
Precentors
led in worship, gifted in music;
74
What was the 2nd century churches central aspect of worship service?
The Eucharist based from 1 Cor. 11:23-25
75
When did Baptisms commence? (2)
Baptisms were held once a year on Easter;
| by immersion; Second time would be on pentecost
76
What 2 factors led to the delay of Baptisms?
1. Persecution
| 2. Instruction: Making sure people are trained and equipped.
77
Catechumens
2nd century churches 2-3 year process for giving instruction to pre-baptism;
78
What 3 sins were viewed as unforgivable by the 3rd century?
1. Idolatry
2. Fornication
3. Apostasy
79
What would cause a massive split in the Church by the 3rd Century?
Divisions on forgiveness and sins
80
Moratory Infragment
Document from 170 AD containing an early list of canonical books of the OT/NT
81
What two writings were questionable regarding the OT Canon?
1. Esther
| 2. Song of Songs
82
What is significant about Council of Hippo?
Date is 393 The West accepts the Canon finalization
83
Council of Carthage 397
In North Africa we have the finalization of Canon
84
Domitian (81-96)
Emperor who would persecute the Christian Church heavily;
85
The reign of Trajan (98-117)
Made policy that would make Christians punishable by name;
86
Marcus Aurelius (161-80)
Roman Emperor in 161-80 Christian persecution would reach new heights under his rule in 166-68
87
Gymnosophists
Based from India believed in a philosophy that taught that if you died, strive to die a noble death;
88
Edict of Toleration (311)
Emperor Galerius tolerates Christianity recognizing that the movement continues to grow immensely through persecution.
89
Edict of Milan (313)
Christianity is identified as religion among the pagan world; Christians are understood to be treated as citizens like everyone else;
90
Clement of Rome (35-99)
One of the earliest Apostolic Fathers
| Serves as a Pastor in Rome;
91
Ignatius of Antioch (50-108/140
Dies as a Martyr potentially in 108
| Wrote 7 letters; Wrestles with what it means for Jesus to be God and man;
92
Who were the Ante-Nicene Fathers? (11)
```
Clement of Rome
Ignatius of Antioch
Polycarp
Justin Martyr
Irenaeus
Clement of Alexandria
Tertullian
Origen
Hippolytus of Rome
Cyprian
Novation
```
93
Justin Martyr (100-165)
Studied Philosophy (Stoic)
Had confrontations with Judaism and Paganism;
Approaches the topic of who Jesus is by focusing on "Logos."
The "Logos" is central to his theology. Referred to as "Logos Theology/ Christology"
94
Irenaeus (130-202)
Wrote the work "against heresies"
95
Oousia
Term meaning "The essence of something"
96
Homoousia
Term used in understanding that Jesus is "the same essence as God"
97
Oiconomea
Summarization of what God is trying to do from the beginning; Creation, incarnation, redemption and resurrection;
98
Clement of Alexandria (150-215)
Started a school; Learned under Pantinaeus;
Created the concept called "The true Gnostic" designed to reach an elite society in which Gnosticism is fashionable; Dies in 215;
99
Tertullian (155-240) (3)
1. Defends the church against Marcionism;
2. attracted to Montanism;
3. Focuses on Christian living;
100
Origen (185-254)
1. Wrote the Hexapla- 6 columned OT
2. Understood the bible on 3 levels- literal, moral, allegorical, eschatological;
3. Authored the first known Systematic theology;
4. Later condemned as a heretic
101
Hippolytus of Rome (170-236)
Known for his attacks on Sabellianism
| Starts an Anti-Pope movement;
102
Cyprian (200-58)
Became a bishop of the Carthaginian Church;
| Was sympathetic toward Apostate; Beheaded in 258;
103
Novation
Priest that claimed that the church was a gathering only for the pure church; Non-believers should be excluded;
104
Physis
term referring nature; Jesus still had his own person even though he is of one essence with God;
105
Oikonomia
A specific way in which God works in time; The early church fathers would talk about how God would move in time;
106
Adoptionism
The belief that Jesus was an ordinary man, but God saw that he was best suited for his aims and God chose him at his baptism; Rejects a preincarnate nature of Jesus;
107
Docetists
Believed that Jesus was a phantom or a Ghost; He only appeared to be human; They accepted that Jesus is God by not fully human;
108
Ebionites
were a blend of Judaizers and Adoptionism
109
Arguments of Arius (2)
Begotten= Made
therefore,
1. There was a time when he was not
2. Rejected the divinity of Christ;
110
Arianism
Rejected that Jesus was preincarnate and that he was made by the Father;
111
Eusebius of Nicomedia
Arian sympathizer; Powerful Bishop; influences Constantine; Rejected that Christ is eternal;
Baptized Constantine;
Goes after those on the Nicene Council
112
Donatism
Pure church movement; argued for pure church leaders and a pure church;
113
Hosius of Cordova
Seeking to battle the Donatists and Arianists
114
Eustathius
Anti-Arian
115
Eusebius of Caesarea
Anti- Arian
116
Council of Nicea (325)
1. Purpose is to address issues with Arius;
2. Affirmed that Jesus is fully God
3. Purposes the creed to help with Baptismal participants recitation;
4. The First Ecumenical Council
117
Athanasius
1. Main proponent in 4th century upholding scripture;
2. Succeeds Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria in 328
3. Dies in 373
4. Is Exiled 5 times
118
Who were Constantines 3 sons? What territories did they inherit?
1. Constantine II: Gets Gauls and Spain
2. Constantius II: Receives the East (Asia Minor; Syria)
3. Constance: Receives the central portions of the empire
119
Under who's rule were Bishops (including Athanasius) reinstated?
Emperor Constance
120
Council of Constantinople
1. Second Ecumenical Council
| 2. Date is 381
121
What 3 things were affirmed at The Council of Constantinople?
1. Holy Spirit affirmed as coequal in the trinity
2. Affirms Nicene Creed to combat Pneumatocmachi
3. Affirmed Baptismal process of affirming participants (reciting the name of Father, The Son, and HS)
122
What works influenced Augustine?
1. Life of St. Atony- Given to him by Ambrose
| 2. Romans 13:13-14
123
When Is Augustine Baptized?
year 387
124
Augustine
1. Becomes Bishop of Hippo
2. Combats Donatists; Pelagianism;
3. Wrote City of God
125
Pelagianism
1. Rejected human depravity: Teachings from Pelagius that taught "Everyone should be as morally perfect as they possibly could;
2. Through moral perfection a person can attain God's grace;
126
Council of Carthage
Pelagius/ Colestius teachings are condemned in 412
127
What are the 4 states of the human condition?
1. Before the fall: "Posse Peccare"
2. After the fall: Non- Posse, Non Peccare- Not able to sin
3. After salvation: Posse Non Pecarre- Ability not to sin
4. After glorification: Non- posse Peccare- Not able to sin
128
Prevenient Grace
God initiates in our souls whatever good we think, aspire or will to do; Even if we are outside of Christ
129
Cooperating Grace
God operates with our will once our will has been stiired by his spirit.
130
Sufficient Grace:
Adam had this in Eden that allowed him to practice and persevere virtue. This grace is subject to our free will. We can reject this grace
131
Efficient Grace
Enabled Saints predestined to God's kingdom to do and to will what God wants them to do.
132
What councils condemned Pelagianism?
Councils in Numidia and Carthage
133
John Cassian (360-435)
1. He believed himself to be teaching against Pelagianism and preserving a pure Augustinanism
2. Responsible for what will be called Semi- Pelagianism in the 17th Century.
134
Synod of Orange 529
Group of Bishops gather to address the extreme positions of Cassian and Augustine and reject Pelagianism permanently;
135
What are the adverbs used to understand the 2 natures of Christ?
1. Unconfusedly: together there is no change in their oousia; they are unconfused
2. Unchangeably: There can be no change in their natures
3. Indivisibly: Rejects the notion that Jesus could be divided or separated between his two natures
4. Unseperably; Rejects the notion that Jesus could be separated on either side;
136
Unconfusedly (adverbs)
together there is no change in their oousia; they are unconfused
137
Unchangeably:(adverbs)
There can be no change in their natures
138
Indivisibly: (adverbs)
Rejects the notion that Jesus could be divided or separated between his two natures
139
Unseperably; (adverbs)
Rejects the notion that Jesus could be separated on either side;
140
What happen in year 431
Council of Ephesus
141
What happen in year 451
Council of Chalecedon: Dealing with the 2 natures of Christ
142
What happened in 553?
Second Council of Constantinople: Heavily dealing with Christological issues
143
What happened in 680-81?
Third Council of Constantinople:
144
What happens in 787?
second council of Nicea: Dealing with the worship of icons;
145
What year was the Roman empire dissolved?
year 476
146
What happens in 496?
Clovus converts to christianity and seeks to establish Rome to the status under Constantine.
147
The Second Council of Constantinople
took place in Rome in 553;
| Passes a decree that Bishops would have the ability to persecute those against the authority of the church.
148
Third Council of Constantinople
Held in 680-81
1. Declared that the Church should have as much authority as Rome and that Priest should be allowed to marry.
2. The Representation of Jesus as a lamb was prohibited;
149
Gregory the Great (590-604)
1. Know as Servus Sevorum Dei "Servant of the servants of God"
2. First to teach Purgatory
3. Set an example of a strong Papacy
150
What false document was said to be written by Constantine stating that authority over Rome was to be given to the church?
"Donation of Constantine"
151
The Decreedals by Isadore
1. Depicted Popes claiming all power from the beginning of the church.
2. The sate needed to subject itself to Rome
152
What are Icons? What is its purpose?
1. Meant to be objects used to encourage saints to worship;
| 2. When someone saw an icon they were to reflect on the image and it would encourage them to worship God.
153
Iconoclasm/ Iconoclast
Somone who wants to destroy icons
154
Rigorists
Were heavily against Apostate coming back into the church. Left them up to God to judge their hearts
155
Laxist
Felt the apostate should be allowed back in. Rebaptized apostates
