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ADULT HEALTH 1 > Midterm Exam- Cardiac > Flashcards

Midterm Exam- Cardiac Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization by SA node first

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2
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization by parkinje fibers

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3
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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4
Q

PR interval

A

how long conduction takes from SA to AV node
0.12-0.2 seconds

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5
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

heart rate below 60bpm.
treat with anticholinergic like atropine

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6
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

heart rate above 100bpm.
treat with beta blocker

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7
Q

premature atrial contractions (PACs)

A

normal beat but SA node fires sooner.
early+ abnormal P wave.
Will feel palpitations.
Caused by hypoxia, stimulants, infection.

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8
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

irregular rhythm and rapid nondefinite P wave.
high risk for blood clots.
Treat w beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, antiarrhythmic, cardioversion to control heart rate.

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9
Q

atrial flutter

A

no P wave, “flutter wave”
sawtooth pattern btw narrow QRS

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10
Q

supraventricular tachycardia (SVTs)

A

regular rate but rapid, narrow QRS.
Can see heart beating outside of chest. Hypotension
Treat cause.

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11
Q

junctional escape

A

when using AV node instead of SA node.
40-60bpm.
absent or upside down P wave

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12
Q

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A

bizarre QRS.
Appears different in everyone.
treat cause+symptoms (r/t MI, caffeine, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance)

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13
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

3 PVCs and rapid rate.
Will experience shortness of breath.
Usually hypo or hyperkalemia. No pulse= start defib and chest compressions.
Pulse= electrolyte replacement and antiarrhythmics.

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14
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

no cardiac output, looks like squiggles.
Lethal, start defib and chest compressions.

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15
Q

1st degree heart block

A

prolonged PR interval
(0.2+ seconds)
due to delayed atrial depolarization

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16
Q

complete heart block

A

P waves and QRS are independent of eachother.
AV node is blocked completely. Will need a pace maker.

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17
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonic and aortic valves

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

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19
Q

systemic circulation

A

sends oxygenated blood from left side of heart to tissues via aorta

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20
Q

pulmonic circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to the lungs

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21
Q

coronary circulation

A

coronary arteries fill with oxygenated blood during diastole

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22
Q

cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV.
Normal= 4-8L/min at rest

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23
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from heart with each beat

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24
Q

low cardiac output

A

not enough blood being pumped to the body.
occurs with bradycardia

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25
cardiac index
specific CO adjusted to pt's body surface area
26
ejection fracture
percent of blood ejected by each contraction normal= 55%+
27
factors determing cardiac output
contractility heart rate preload afterload
28
preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole/amount of venous return back to heart. CVP=central venous pressure
29
afterload
resistance which the ventricles has to pump against to get blood out
30
increased afterload=
increased blood pressure
31
arterial blood pressure
CO x SVR Pressure of blood placed on walls of arterial system.
32
systemic vascular resistance
force opposing movement of blood
33
mean arterial pressure
MAP- average pressure within arterial system. Normal= 65+. MAP= (systolic + 2xdiastolic) divided by 3
34
S1 heart sound
closure of AV at systole
35
S2 heart sound
closure of SV at diastole
36
S3 heart sound
heard w volume overload or valve regurgitation "ventricular gallop"
37
S4 heart sound
with forceful atrial contraction from resistance of ventricular filling
38
murmur
turbulent flow
39
friction rub
scratching sound with pericarditis
40
normal total cholesterol
below 200
41
normal HDL
above 40
42
normal LDL
below 100
43
normal trigylcerides
below 150
44
need consent form for
cardiac cath lab electrophys studies
45
troponin
lab value tested in chest pain if elevated= MI normal= less than 0.4
46
myoglobin
elevated in damage to heart but does not stay elevated for long normal= 0-85
47
CKMB
lab value elevated in MI normal= 0-3
48
CRP
C reactive protein in liver elevated in any bodily inflammation normally= 0
49
BNP
normal is less than 100 Elevated= heart failure
50
stress test
assess heart function under stress if positive= go to cath lab no caffeine or smoking before NPO 4 hours prior
51
TEE
an echocardiogram NPO 8 hrs prior need sedation
52
bell of stethoscope
smaller side better for high pitched sounds like S3 S4 murmurs
53
factors affecting arterial circulation
baroreceptors chemoreceptors SNS PNS
54
baroreceptors
located in aortic arch and carotid sinus will decrease heart rate and decrease vasodilation during hypervolemia
55
chemoreceptors
located in medulla triggered in hypoxia or hypercapnea
56
acute respiratory failure
type 1: hypoxic type 2: hypercapnic. Give steroids and bronchodilators, admin oxygen. Can lead to ARDS.
57
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome lack of perfusion from trauma. Treat w mechanical ventilation and corticosteroids. Three phases: Exudative, proliferative, fibrotic.
58
exudative phase of ARDS
alveoli fill and collapse will hear rale sounds
59
proliferative phase of ARDS
pulmonary hypertension start of right sided heart failure
60
fibrotic phase of ARDS
scarring of worsened right sided heart failure hypotension
61
flail chest
when 3+ ribs fractured
62
pneumothorax
collapsed lung diminished/absent lung sounds
63
hemothorax
blood in lungs tachycardia, tachypnea, sharp chest pain
64
tension pneumothorax
untreated pneumothorax tracheal shift and blood vessels deviate
65
cardiac tamponade
excess fluid or air in pericardial sac medical emergency decreased CO and BP tachycardia as compensation
66
antidote to coumadin
vitamin K
67
pulmonary embolism
clot in lung from DVT give anticoagulant (heparin) give thrombolytic (tPa) send home on lovanox or coumadin monitor for bleeding
68
if allergic to shellfish
give antihistamine give steroid give anti acid reflux
69
ST elevation
sign of MI
70
virchow's triad
three causes for DVT venoustasis vessel damage hypercoagulability
71
D dimer
elevated= blood clot
72
left sided heart failure
pushes back blood up to pulmonary system. pulmonary edema, crackles, cyanosis, weak peripheral pulses, hypotension
73
right sided heart failure
blocks blood into circulation. JVD, peripheral edema, ascites
74
beta blockers
decrease heart rate reduce afterload
75
ace inhibitors
reduce fluid volume reduce afterload

ADULT HEALTH 1 (2 decks)

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