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PHAR 370 > Midterm exam study guide > Flashcards

Midterm exam study guide Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What are the characteristics noted in a general assessment?

A

age, skin color (rashes, bruising, even skin tone, jaundice and cyanosis), gender, facial features (symmetry and eye contact), level of consciousness, signs of acute distress, nutrition, body structure, dress and grooming, behavior and mobility

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2
Q

What would an alert patient look like?

A

open eyes looking at you, responds fully and appropriately to stimuli.

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3
Q

What would a lethargic patient look like?

A

sleepy or mentally sluggish, patient requires you to speak in a loud voice, appears drowsy but does open eyes. responds to questions slowly

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4
Q

What would a obtunded patient look like?

A

have to shake patient gently, opens eyes but responds slowly and is confused.
often the result of intoxication, metabolic illness, infection or neurological catastrophe

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5
Q

What would a stuporous patient look like?

A

only arousable with vigorous or unpleasant stimulation. Verbal responses are slow or even absent. Minimal awareness of self or environment. Lapses into an unresponsive state.

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6
Q

What would a coma patient look like?

A

consciousness cannot be aroused. no evident response

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7
Q

How do you calculate a BMI?

A

weight in KG/ hight m2

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8
Q

What diseases are associated with an elevated BMI

A

hypertension, diabetes, corony heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems and certain cancers.

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9
Q

When is waist circumference concerning?

A

greater than 35inch in women and 40inch in men

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10
Q

What are the 5 vital signs?

A

temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure and pain

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11
Q

What is the most accurate way to measure core body temperature?

A

rectal route being 1 degree f higher than oral. commonly used in infants and comatose patients or those who are unable to close their mouth.

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12
Q

hyperthermia

A

elevation of body temperature not caused by fever

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13
Q

hyperpyrexia

A

extreme elevation above 106

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14
Q

hypothermia

A

abnormally low temperature below 95

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15
Q

What is a normal heart rate?

A

60-100 bpm

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16
Q

what is a normal respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths per min

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17
Q

What is a systolic blood preasure?

A

the preasure of blood on the arterial wall at the peak of left ventricular contraction. increases in more distal arteries. Top number

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18
Q

What is a diastolic blood preasure?

A

the resting pressure on the arterial wall. occurs during ventricular relaxation. falls more in distal arteries. bottom number.

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19
Q

What should the width of a blood pressure cuff size be?

A

40% of the upper arm circumference. a cuff too small with result in a BP too high and too large will be falsely low.

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20
Q

What is a Auscultatory gap?

A

the period between systolic and diastolic where the pulse is not audible but returns with continued deflation.

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21
Q

Should BP be reported in even or odd numbers?

A

even

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22
Q

What should be documented when recording BP?

A

name of patient, date and time of measurement, arm or site which measurement was taken, cuff size and patients position.

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23
Q

what is a normal BP difference between limbs?

A

5-10mmHg

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24
Q

What is orthostatic hypertension?

A

when a drop in systolic BP of 20 or diastolic is greater than 20 or the rise of the pulse by 20 bpm from the supine to standing position.

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25
what is pulse pressure?
the difference between systolic and diastolic BP. less than 25 suggests significant blood loss and larger than 100 suggests valvular issues.
26
Lacrimal gland
secretes tear film
27
lacrimal puncta
drains tears medially
28
lacrimal sac
tear fluid passes from puncta to sac and into the nose through the nasolacrimal duct.
29
Ciliary body
Muscles that control the thickness of the lens
30
aqueous humor
clear liquid that fills the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye. controls pressure of the eye drained through the canal of schlemm
31
Fundus
posterior part of the eye seen through an opthalmoscope
32
optic disc
contains optic nerve and cental retinal vessels
33
fovea
surronds the point of central vision
34
macula
circular area that surrounds the fovea. receives and transduces light from the center of visual field.
35
pupillary light reflex
light beam shining onto one retina causes pupillary constriction in that eye. there should also be a consensual reaction in the opposite eye.
36
accommodation
when a person shifts their gaze from far to near pupils constrict.
37
Convergence
crossing of the eye
38
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the clear covering of the eye and inside of the eyelids. can be infectious or noninfectious.
39
signs of viral conjunctivitis
most commen, examples include pinkeye. red and watery eyes with sometimes discharge. resolves within 1-3 weeks. highly contagious
40
signs of bacterial conjunctivitis
red eye with purulent discharge. can be treated with topical antibiotics. most common are staph and strep.
41
signs of non-infectious conjunctivitis
red eye with copious watery discharge and itching.
42
Hyperopia
far sightedness, distant objects can be seen clearly, close objects are blurry.
43
Presbyopia
far-sightedness that occurs with aging. usually s result of loss of elasticity of the lens.
44
Myopia
near-sightedness, light focuses in front of instead of on the retina.
45
Scotomas
area of "blind spot" or alteration in normal field of vision
46
Diplopia
double vision, seeing two of the same object instead of one.
47
Ectropion
turning outward of the lower lid. usually due to aging
48
Entropion
turning inward of the lower lid, caused by muslce weakness and scars. can lead to infections
49
Miosis
constriction of the pupil
50
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
51
nystagmus
involuntary, rapid and repetitive movements of the eyes. y=usually horizontal.
52
Proptosis
abnormal protrusion of the eye
53
Ptosis
drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.
54
Cataracts
opacification of the lens
55
Papilledema
swelling of the optic disc
56
What is included in a physical eye exam?
visual acuity, inspection, visual fields by confrontation, pupil testing, and extraocular movements
57
When is the visual acuity exam done in the order of a physical eye exam?
always 1st
58
What is used to test visual acuity?
Snellen eye chart or the Rosenbaum eye chart
59
Auricle
cartilage covered by skin and has a firm elastic consistency in the ear
60
Outer ear
auricle, tragus, lobule, and ear canal
61
middle ear
TM, ossicles and eustachian tube
62
Inner ear
cochlea, semicircular canals, cochlear nerve and labyrinth.
63
What is the role of cerumen?
protects the ear by restricting the entry of foreign objects and insects. decreases the risk of infection by inhibiting growth of bacteria.
64
Conductive hearing loss
damage inthe middle and outer ear
65
sensorineural hearing loss
damage in the inner ear
66
presbycusis
hearing loss of elderly patients, typically high frequency
67
Otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear that is frequently diagnosed in infants and toddlers. ie ear inflection
68
What are treatments for otitis media?
oral antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics and local heat
69
Otitis externa
swimmers ear. inflammation of the skin lining the external auditory canal.
70
What is part of the physical exam of the ear?
auditory acuity, inspection and palpation of ear, otoscopic examination
71
Turbinates
slow the movement of air, allows air to be warmed and humidified
72
Nasopharynx
uppermost portion of the pharynx, extends between soft palate and the base of tongue
73
oropharynx
extends between soft palate and the base of tongue. palatine tonsils lie in this area.
74
laryngopharynx
between the entrance to the esophagus and the hyoid bone
75
Buccal mucosa
mucosal surface that lines the inside of the cheeks
76
Parotid ducts
open into the buccal mucosa near the upper second molar
77
What is the most common type of headache?
tension headache, bandlike distribution
78
Rhinitis medicamentosa
rebound nasal congestion brought on by extended use of topical decongestants
79
What are the 10 lymph nodes?
preauricular, postauricular, occipital, tonsillar, submandibular, submental, superficial cervical, posterior cervical, deep cervical chain, supraclavicular
80
What 6 characteristics should be documented regarding lymph nodes?
size, shape, delimitation, mobility, consistency and tenderness.
81
suprasternal notch
u-shaped depression at the top of the sternum between clavicles.
82
Sternal angle
angle of louis, articulation between manubrium and body and the second rib
83
Which are the "true" ribs?
1-7
84
Which are the "false" ribs?
8-10
85
Which are the floating rivbs?
11-12
86
Lung Apex
the most superior portion of the lungs
87
Visceral Pleura
serous membrane that covers the outer surface of each lung
88
Parietal pleura
serous membrane that lines the inner rib cage and top of diaphram
89
Pleural space
potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, contains smal amount of fluid to eliminate friction
90
mediastinum
separates the two pleural cavaties
91
Bronchioles
thinnest segment of the bronchial tree, supplies air to the alveoli
92
Alveoli
small grape like cluster, connected to vessels, oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide.
93
What is the primary muscle for respiration?
diaphram
94
What are accessory muscles of respiration?
scalene, sternocleidomastoid, intercostals, trapezius and pestorals
95
Asthma
Chronic disorder of the airways that results in inflamed and narrowed airways
96
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
dyspnea, cough, chest tightness wheezing, use of accessory muscles and increased respiratory rate
97
Chronic bronchitis
inflammation and edema of bronchioles leading to excessive mucus production and obstruction
98
Emphysema
abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to bronchioles
99
What would a patient with COPD look like?
elongated lungs, barrel chest and flat diaphragms.
100
What are the different pneumonia classifications?
community acquired, healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilatory-associated.
101
What side of the stethoscope is used when auscultating the lungs?
the diaphragm to auscultate the anterior, posterior and lateral lung fields.
102
What do the different adventitious breathing sounds sound like?
Crackles- short, popping sounds wheezes: high pitched, musical sound continuous through inhale and exhale Rhonchi- deep coarse sounds typically clear with coughing.
103
Atrioventricular valves
tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle) and mitral (between left atrium and ventricle)
104
Semilunar valves
pulmonic valve ( right ventricle to pulmonary) aortic (left ventricle to aorta)
105
right ventricle
mid-sternal, most of what's seen on an x-ray. 2/3 of the anterior heart.
106
left ventricle
posterior, left mid-clavicular area
107
Right atrium
right of sternum
108
left atrium
entirely posterior and not accessible by physical exam.
109
S1 heart sound
systolic, when the ventricles contract
110
S2 heart sound
diastolic, the ventricles relax
111
What are the 4 locations for palpation on a cardiac exam?
aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, and mitral. all checked for heaves and lifts with fingertips and thrills with palmar aspect.
112
What are we listening too when doing a cardio exam auscultation?
s1, s2, extra heart sounds, murmurs, rate and rhythm

PHAR 370 (3 decks)

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