Midterm Flash Cards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What is Chemistry
A
The study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
2
Q
What is a Cell?
A
The smallest living functional unit in an organism, such as a human being
3
Q
What is Metabolism?
A
The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions (changes) involved in generating energy, making proteins & eliminating waste products.
4
Q
What is a Dietary Supplement?
A
A product (other than tobacco) that adds to a person’s dietary intake, contains one or more dietary ingredients, is taken by mouth and may be a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract
5
Q
Define Lifestyle
A
A person’s usual way of living that includes dietary practices, physical activity habits, use of drugs and alcohol and other typical patterns or behavior
6
Q
What is a Risk Factor?
A
A personal characteristic that increases your chances of developing a chronic disease
7
Q
Define Undernutrition
A
Consuming too little
8
Q
Define Overnutrition
A
Consuming too much
( calories, fat, sugar, vitamins/minerals)
9
Q
What is Food Insecurity?
A
Situation which individuals are concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food
10
Q
What drives food choices in America?
A
Taste is #1
11
Q
What makes a nutrient ‘essential’?
A
Must be supplied by food
If missing, causes deficiency disease
12
Q
List the essential nutrients
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
13
Q
Which nutrients are macronutrients?
A
Carbs
Protein
Fat
14
Q
Which nutrients are micronutrients?
A
Vitamins
Minerals
15
Q
Is alcohol an essential nutrient? How many kcal does it provide per gram?
A
Not essential
Provides 7 kcla/g
16
Q
What is a kilocalorie?
A
The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of liter of water 1 degree Celsius
Measure of food energy
17
Q
How many calories per gram for Carbohydrates?
A
4 kcal/g
18
Q
How many calories per gram for Protein?
A
4 kcal/g
19
Q
How many calories per gram of Fat?
A
9 kcal/g
20
Q
What’s an anecdote?
A
Personal story
21
Q
What’s a Treatment Group?
A
Group being studied that received a treatment
22
Q
What’s a Control Group?
A
Group being studied that is NOT receiving the treatment
23
Q
What is a Variable?
A
Any factor that can change and influence an outcome
24
Q
What’s a Placebo?
A
Fake treatment
25
What's a Randomized Controlled Trial? (RCT)
Experimental study where participants are randomly assigned to treatment/control
26
Define Placebo Effect
Positive response to a placebo
27
What's a Case-Control Study?
Study that compared individuals who have a health condition with people who have similar characteristics but are healthy
28
What's a Prospective Cohort?
A group of healthy people are interviewed, tested and then followed over a time period
29
What's a Retrospective Cohort
Researchers collect information about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes "to look back"
30
Define Peer Review
expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published
31
What's Pseudoscience?
presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
32
What's Quackery?
promotion of useless medical treatments
33
What are the steps of the scientific methos?
Observation
Formulate Hypothesis
Review
Design studies, perform tests
Analyze data & draw conclusions
Share with peers
Conduct more research
34
What's the difference between a 'nutritionist' and a 'registered dietitian nutritionist' (RDN)
RDN is a credentialed professional with specific training/schooling
35
What's the difference between a direct correlation and inverse correlation?
Inverse = Negative : Occurs when one variable increases and the other decreases
Direct = Positive : both variables are changing in the same direction
36
Define DRI
Dietary Reference Intake: various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans
37
Define EAR
Estimated Average Requirement: the daily amount of the nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people who are in a particular life stage/sex group
38
Define AI
Adequate Intake: dietary recommendations for nutrients that scientists do not have enough information to set RDA’s
39
Define RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowances: standards for recommending daily intakes of several nutrients
40
Define UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level: the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when they consume that amount daily
41
Define AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges: macronutrient intake ranges that are nutritionally adequate and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases
42
Define EER
Estimated Energy Requirement: It is a calculation used to estimate the daily caloric intake needed to maintain energy balance in individuals, considering factors like age, sex, weight, height, and activity level.
43
What are the ranges for each macronutrient?
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Protein: 10-35%
Fat: 20-35%
44
What are the five major food groups?
Grains
Dairy
Fruits
Vegetables
Protein
45
What foods are included in Grains?
Wheat
Rice
Oats
Pasta
46
What foods are included in Dairy?
Milk
Yogurt
Cheese
47
What foods are included in Fruits?
fresh, dried, frozen, sauced and canned fruits
48
What foods are included in Vegetables?
Beans, peas, lentils
49
What foods are included in protein?
beef
pork
lamb
fish
poultry (chicken)
50
What is an ultra-processed food?
Contains numerous additives (ingredients that were added to a food during production to only extend its shelf life but also enhance flavor, texture, color, and ease of preparation)
51
Describe Cardiovascular System?
Involved the pumping action of the heart to circulate blood
52
Describe Respiratory System
enables the body to obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
53
Describe Lymphatic/Immune System
Helps maintain fluid balance, absorb certain nutrients and defend body against infectious diseases
54
Describe Urinary System
Filters and excretes unneeded substances from blood and maintains proper fluid balance
55
Describe Muscular & Skeletal System
Enable the body to move within its environment and provide support and protection for the body
56
Describe Nervous System
Produces intellectual and emotional responses and controls and regulates many body functions
57
Describe Endocrine System
Produces hormones that convey information to target cells
58
Define Elements
Each type of atom, substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
59
Define Minerals
Elements found in the Earth’s crust (Calcium, Iron, Potassium)
60
Define Molecule
Matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together by a chemical bond
61
Define Compound
Molecules that contain 2 or more different elements in specific proportions
62
Define Solution
Evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds
63
What's acid & base?
Acid- donates hydrogen ions
Base- accepts hydrogen ion
64
Define Catabolism
involves breaking down molecules
65
Define Anabolism
repairing damage muscle tissue after injury
66
What's an enzyme?
A molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) a particular chemical reaction
67
What is digestion?
The process by which your body breaks down food
68
What is Absorption?
The process by which substances are taken up from the GI Tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph
69
What is Bioavailability?
Extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it
70
Chemical Digestion VS Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion- chemical breakdown, saliva mixes with food and lubricates it
Mechanical Digestion - biting, tearing and grinding food
71
What organs are involved in digestion?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Rectum & Anus
72
Where does digestion start?
Mouth
73
What's the function of the mouth in digestion?
controls the intake of food
74
What's the function of the esophagus in digestion?
transfer bolus of swallowed food into the stomach
75
What's the function of the stomach in digestion?
stores food & mixes it with acid to continue break down of food
76
What's the function of the small intestine in digestion
primary site of digestion and absorption
77
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum (shortest)
Jejunum
Ileum (longest)
78
What's the function of the liver in digestion?
produces bile, helps emulsify fats, also processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances
79
What's the function of the Pancreas in digestion?
secretes enzymes and bicarbonate
80
What's the function of the Gallbladder in digestion?
Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine when needed.
81
What is the function of the large intestine in digestion?
Stores & concentrates undigested matter, absorbs minerals and water & eliminates waste
82
Define Peristalsis
Muscular contraction that move food along the GI tract
83
Define Segmentation
regular contraction that mixes chyme back and forth
84
What are Villi?
tiny fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food
85
What are Microvilli?
the intestinal brush border
86
List the Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
87
What monosaccharides make up Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
88
What monosaccharides make up Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
89
What monosaccharides make up Lactose?
Galactose + Glucose
90
What are amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen?
Polysaccharides
91
Where is glycogen found?
liver and muscle
92
Where do nutrients go after absorption?
liver
93
What is the difference between probiotics & prebiotics?
prebiotics-fiber (food)
probiotics-liver gut microbes
94
How does the stomach protect itself from digestion?
mucus lubricates & protects the stomach
95
How efficient is the GI tract?
92-97% absorption rate
96
Describe symptoms of Constipation & how to prevent it/treatments
When bowel movements occur less frequently and/or are difficult to eliminate, or the feces are dry or hard
Treatments: adding more fiber-rich foods to your diet and drinking more watery fluids
97
Describe the symptoms of Diarrhea & how to prevent it/treatments
Frequent bowel movements w/ loose stools
Treatments: fluids that contain sodium, potassium, and simple sugars such as glucose.
98
Describe the symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) & how to prevent it/treatments
condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, leading to symptoms like heartburn
Treatments: limiting certain foods (spicy and greasy) taking anti acid medication
99
Where do nutrients go after absorption?
liver
100
What's the difference between nutritive sweeteners & non-nutritive sweetener?
Nutritive sweeteners- provide energy
Non-nutritive sweeteners- do not provide energy
101
What are the health concerns with non nutritive sweeteners?
excess calorie consumption
not based in science
102
What is the DRI for fiber in men & women?
men- 38 grams/day
women- 25 grams/day
103
Where does starch digestion begin? With what enzyme?
Starts in the mouth
Some maltose is broken down by salivary amylase
104
Define Glycolysis
first stage of glucose oxidation
105
Define Lipolysis
fat breakdown
106
Define Glucagon
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
107
Define Glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown
108
Define Ketone Bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
109
Define Ketosis
ketones accumulate in your blood
110
Does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?
no
111
What is the main source of added sugars in American's diets?
sugar sweetened beverages (soda)
112
What is metabolic syndrome?
condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD)
113
How are Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes treated? medication/diet
lifestyle changes, mediterranean diet, insulin therapy
114
What is lactose intolerance? What are some diet strategies for those with lactose intolerance?
not producing enough lactose
- taking lactaid, avoiding dairy products high in lactose
115
Which lipid do we commonly call 'fat'?
triglycerides
116
What is lecithin?
the major phospholipid in food
117
Which foods contain cholesterol?
animal foods ONLY
118
What is an emulsifier?
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compound mix with each other
119
What is enterohepatic circulation?
process that recycles cholesterol in the body
120
Define atherosclerosis
long term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
121
Define Cardiovascular Disease? (CVD)
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
122
What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases?
- heart attack
- heart failure
- stroke
- coronary artery disease
etc
123
On average, fat contributes about __% of the energy in an adult American's diet
38%
124
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what is the recommendation for saturated fat intake ?
people should consume less than 10% of their total calories from saturated fatty acids
125
Which fats are typically liquid/solid?
Liquid- monounsaturated fats & polyunsaturated fats
Solid- Saturated fats
126
What is a lipid panel
is a blood test that measures the levels of specific lipids in the bloodstream
