Midterm

Question 1

Levels of Evidence (best–>worst)

Answer 1

meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, case series/case reports, editorials/expert opinion

Question 2

Criteria for making clinical decisions

Answer 2

patient’s circumstances, patient’s wishes, evidence

Question 3

PICOT Question

Answer 3

P- patient, population, or disease
I- intervention or issue of interest
C- comparison
O- outcome
T- time frame

Question 4

Prospective study

Answer 4

examine current conditions and follow individuals over a designated period of time

Question 5

Retrospective Study

Answer 5

studies that examine data that have already been collected

Question 6

Descriptive study

Answer 6

Case study, Case series, time series, surveys and questionnaires, cross sectional studies

Question 7

Case Study

Answer 7

In-depth examination of a specific patient

Question 8

Case series

Answer 8

follows a group of patients with a similar diagnosis or procedure over time

Question 9

Time series

Answer 9

observation of a participant or group over multiple time instances

Question 10

NHANES

Answer 10

National health and nutrition examination survey

Question 11

Cross-sectional designs

Answer 11

examination of a specific point in time

Question 12

Cohort studies

Answer 12

group of individuals with similar characteristics (diseases)

Question 13

Case-Control Studies

Answer 13

individuals chosen for a study based on if they have a condition of interest (retrospective)

Question 14

Qualitative Studies

Answer 14

used to understand social phenomena in natural settings.

Question 15

Nominal Scale

Answer 15

Measures the presence or absence of something

Not Measured
Not Ordered
Not Equidistant
No Meaningful 0

Question 16

Ordinal Scale

Answer 16

Order to data, hierarchy of meaning, sequence (ex- 1st, 2nd, 3rd place)

Not Measured
Ordered
Not Equidistant
No Meaningful 0

Question 17

Interval Scale

Answer 17

ordinal characteristic and equal distance between data points (ex- temp)

Measured
Ordered
Equidistant
No Meaningful 0

Question 18

Ratio Scale

Answer 18

most sensitive, interval but has a true zero (ex- height, distance, time, speed)

Measured
Ordered
Equidistant
Has Meaningful 0

Question 19

Nonparametric and Parametric data scale

Answer 19

Nonparametric (qualitative)-
Nominal, Ordinal (discrete)

Parametric(quantitative)-
Interval, Ration (continuous)

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

variable that is influenced by the researcher and contains various levels

Question 21

Dependent Variable

Answer 21

The outcome variable that is measured by the researcher

Question 22

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 22

summary statistics about the main characteristics of the data collected within the study (age, mass, sex, division)

Question 23

Inferential Statistics

Answer 23

statistics used to draw conclusions about the hypothesis

Question 24

Effect size

Answer 24

magnitude of difference or relationship between 2 variables in a standardized way so that results can be compared (0.00-3.00)

Question 25

Type 1 Error

Answer 25

researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true

Question 26

Type 2 error

Answer 26

researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false

Question 27

Statistical Power

Answer 27

the probability that a test will reject a false null hypothesis

Question 28

Validity

Answer 28

do the findings produce answers to what was being examined? are results applicable to population? the applicability of a conclusion drawn in the context of a scientific experiment to the world at large (can it be applied effectively)

Question 29

Reliability

Answer 29

Can the findings of the study be reproduced? Were the measurements accurate and consistent?

Question 30

Internal validity threats

Answer 30

include treatments, procedures, or experiences of the participants that threaten the researcher's ability to draw conclusions (ex- ulterior motive)

Question 31

Maturation

Answer 31

changes that occur naturally to a participant over time that are independent of external events

Question 32

External validity threats

Answer 32

occur when researchers draw incorrect conclusions or inferences to populations or settings other than what was originally studied

Question 33

Face Validity*

Answer 33

determined by expert opinion or subjective assessment of a few individuals (weak measure)

Question 34

Content / Construct Validity

Answer 34

ability of an instrument or assessment to measure a more abstract concept (ex- pain, confidence)

Question 35

Error Rate

Answer 35

as the number of repeated statistical tests goes up the potential for incorrect findings/conclusions goes up

Question 36

Intrarater reliability

Answer 36

consistency of one rater across multiple trials

Question 37

interrater reliability

Answer 37

consistency of data recorded by multiple raters who measure the same group of subjects

Question 38

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC)

Answer 38

the measure of the reliability of measurements or ratings

Question 39

Test-Retest reliability

Answer 39

assesses the stability of an instrument (used for surveys)

Question 40

Internal consistency

Answer 40

used to assess the characteristics of a group of items.

Question 41

Percent Agreement

Answer 41

determined by taking the sum of observed agreements divided by the number of paired scores obtained (simplest form of reliability assessment)

Question 42

Kappa Statistic

Answer 42

for categorical data to assess the proportion of observed agreements expected by chance