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1st-1st: Understanding the Self > MIDTERM FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

MIDTERM FLASHCARDS

1
Q

It is the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.

A

physical self

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2
Q

When describing a person we commonly describe them based on:

A

gender, height and weight, complexion, hair, facial features

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3
Q

The physical aspect of the self does not include characteristics that are internal to the self such as:

A

kindness, generosity, loyalty, obedience, other similar qualities

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4
Q

Usually only the physical features such as the _____ and _______ figure are considered as bases for beauty.

A

face and body

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5
Q

The appearance of a person can be an…

A

asset or a liability

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6
Q

Some people who are not endowed and blessed with a beautiful face according to society’s standards may be prone to __________.

A

bullying

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7
Q

Physical appearance is attributed to both __________ and the _______________, an individual has no control over or choice as to how he or she looks like.

A

genetics and the environment

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8
Q

In many love stories, in literature and in film, beauty is described or projected as

A

purity of heart or goodness of heart

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9
Q

Beauty is contextualized into two categories:

A

(1) One that is seen by the eye, (2) One that is felt by the heart

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10
Q

Beauty is not only seen but may also be _________.

A

heard

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11
Q

_____________ may have laid down the laws and principles of determining beauty as seen by the naked eye but the very essence of beauty transcends the sight – it can be heard, felt, and understood.

A

Aesthetics

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12
Q

Achieving Physical Well Being

A
  • Eat healthy food.
  • Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
  • Follow proper hygiene.
  • Engage in daily exercise.
  • Take vitamins and drink fruit juices.
  • Avoid stress.
  • Spend less time in front of computers and gadgets.
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13
Q

The concept of being fixated on acquiring material things as a way to _________ _________.

A

identify oneself

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14
Q

Material Self is a concept related to which philosopher?

A

William James

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15
Q

William James’ definition of Material Self

A

James defined Material Self as the self that consists of the body, clothes, immediate family, home, and other things one considers to be his or her own.

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16
Q

Basic Component of Material Self

A
  1. Individual’s body - One has control over his or her body and how he or she would like to present it for others to see.
  2. Immediate family – one’s family members can be seen as an extension of one’s identity because the members affect one’s actions and disposition in the environment.
  3. Home – it is a space that one considers as his or her own.
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17
Q

In the early 2000s, the use of ________ ________ became more popular and more people started patronizing them.

A

credit cards

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18
Q

Advantages of Credit Cards

A

➝ It brought convenience, security and comfort in the way people engage in the consumption of goods and services in society
➝ High-income earners has access to credit cards in the past

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19
Q

Disadvantages of Credit Cards

A

➝ Hidden charges or unauthorized credit card transactions and frauds

➝ Credit cards definitely changes consumer culture and its role in how individuals, as consumers, function as part of the process of production and consumption.

➝ Credit card holders are vulnerable to incur too much debt.

➝ Credit cards modified how transactions and payments are made and done. This also changed how individuals function as consumers.

➝ Credit cards may lessen one’s opportunity to save money because their incoming income will be allotted for paying credit card debt.

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20
Q

It is influenced in shaping how and why people consume goods and services.

A

Advertising

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21
Q

______________ in any form, when viewed by an individual, emphasizes his or her identity as a consumer with the ability to avail of goods and services based on his or her financial capacity, preferences, and practical interest.

A

Advertisements

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22
Q

NEEDS VS. WANTS

A

NEED
- something a person must have in order to live. Food, clothes, shelter, medicine, and many other things necessary for survival.

WANT
- something a person desires to have but can live without. Things that are considered as luxuries.

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23
Q

It means buying anything without giving much thought to what they buy and the consequences that may come later on.

A

Impulse Buying

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24
Q

We need to _________ needs from wants.

A

balance

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25
Q

Front and Back Stages of the Self

A

An individual’s performance on the FRONT STAGE is what can openly be seen by the audience. BACKTAGE, on the other hand, can be linked to what an individual would like to be kept secret or hidden.

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26
Q

It is consists of how one expresses himself or herself in various online platforms.

A

Digital Self

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27
Q

The self adapts to the environment that is dominated by __________ ____________. To satisfy individual dreams and desires outside of one’s inner self, things, products or services allow people to believe that they can change, enhance or improve their self.

A

digital technology

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28
Q

Dichotomies of the Self: Producer or Consumer

A

Do your material possessions define who you are? A person who wears branded clothes from head to toe and imitates their favorite idols, the way they walk, what food they eat and even the language that they speak.

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29
Q

Dichotomies of the Self: Offline versus Online

A

Do you know someone who posts good things that are happening to him/her online but in reality he/she is actually having a hard time in his/her life? In that instance, the online self is different from the offline or actual self.

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30
Q

Dichotomies of the Self: Body versus Technology

A

In your case, would you change your look on your profile picture just tot impress this particular person you like or met online? Technology deceived people. Your picture might look great online however, it is totally different if they will meet you in person.

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31
Q

A _________ should be responsible for whatever he or she shares online and must always ensure that he or she will not post malicious content that may damage or other people in any way.

A

netizen

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32
Q

Some of the issues that one needs to address if one wants to be seen as a responsible netizens

A
  1. Sharing Fake News
  2. Cyberbullying
  3. Sharing viruses
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33
Q

Generally, the negative effects of too much social media on health include:

A

eye problems, headache, and nausea

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34
Q

Online gossiping can lead to:

A

online scams, cyberbullying, hate messages, destroyed friendships

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35
Q

The maximum hours of using social media should be how many?

A

Less than 3 hours

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36
Q

How to Fight Social Media Addiction

A

o Do not participate in the discussion of political issues – it is time-consuming and never-ending.

o Read books instead of spending time reading news, articles, and issues on social media.

o Spend time communicating personally to your family at home or neighbors.

o Consider friends you have on social media. Make sure that they are people worth keeping in touch.

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37
Q

Interactionist Perspective

A

The idea that the self (and its aspect) develops as a result of our interaction with others given a specific social context.

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38
Q

The self is also shaped and molded by the different forms of ______________ and _______________ that we use as a result of our social interactions.

A

self-description and self-judgment

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39
Q

3 Bodily changes during puberty

A
  • The development of the adolescent brain
  • The development of primary sex characteristics
  • The development of secondary sex characteristics
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40
Q

“Our sexual identity is also constructed.”

A

Ganon and Simon (1974)

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41
Q

In the construction of our sexual identity, having a __________ ________ ____ ________ happens first.

A

gendered sense of self

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42
Q

It depends on having the ability to make sense of the self as sexual.

A

Sexual selfhood

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43
Q

Three Social Process of Social Categorization in relation to Gender:

A

➔ Baby’ genitals = sign of sex
➔ Baby is reduced to its sex (it’s a boy; it’s a girl)
➔ Girling the girl; Boying the boy

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44
Q

The self is formed through gendered terms:

A
  • The child comes to understand itself as gendered
  • The child comes to understand that it interacts with gendered others; the child learns to locate itself within a gendered social field.
45
Q

The process of self-formation does not necessarily differ for the boys and girls – they simply differently gendered selves by participating in ___________ ________ ________________.

A

gendered social interaction

46
Q

Gendered selfhood is variable, meaning..

A

there is no single way of being a little girl or boy.

47
Q

Our concept of a sexual self comes from..

A

other people around us (particularly adults).

48
Q

Things that are permitted to be discussed to children on their sexual self (ALLOWED):

A

➔ Sense of their own bodies (according to what adults say)
➔ Conventions of morality, modesty and decorum
➔ We acquire common sense knowledge about the institution of heterosexuality BEFORE they become aware of sexual activities these entails

49
Q

Things that are permitted to be discussed to children on their sexual self (WITHHELD):

A

➔ Erotic components of sexual scripts
➔ Homosexuality is treated as taboo

50
Q

As a result: Heterosexuality becomes the _________ ______ (in most cultures).

A

privileged norm

51
Q

Negative experiences as homosexual:

A
  • Verbal harassment and abuse
  • Discrimination
52
Q

Human Sexuality is fluid, meaning..

A

it is a continuum rather than dichotomous.

53
Q

It introduces the concept of supreme being (God, gods or goddesses) as cause or reason of all phenomena.

A

Religion

54
Q

All agree that this supreme being is:

A

Omnipotent (all-powerful), Omniscient (all-knowing), Omnipresent (everywhere at once)

55
Q

Religion according to Anthony Wallace

A

Religion is a set of rituals made to coordinate with the goal of either obtaining or hindering changes in human condition and nature’s state.

56
Q

Judaism, Christianity and Islam’s traditional concept on god

A

These religions regards god as an independent being, the creator of the universe and distinct from the universe that this supreme being created.

57
Q

Rituals or practices are usually justified by ______.

A

myths

58
Q

Wallace elaborated that a hallmark of religion is the belief in _____________ _______ and ________.

A

supernatural beings and forces

59
Q

Religion has many functions such as:

A
  • Providing sense of the world
  • Strengthening norms and identity
  • Setting sanctions for individual behavior
  • Giving serenity in facing life challenges
60
Q

Monism vs. Dualism

A

o Monism – view that there is only one substance and only one being.
o Dualism – view that mind and body are two independent substance.

61
Q

4 Characteristics of the Soul

A
  • Is superior to the body and can exist independently without the body.
  • Is invisible and immortal and it directs the physical body.
  • Is the life-force of the body.
  • Is the source of motion as well as the intelligence or mind of a person that pre-exists bodily existence.
62
Q

It is viewed as the release of the soul from the body.

A

Death

63
Q

The Filipino term for soul or spirit.

A

KALULUWA

64
Q

Kaluluwa is believed that it has two existence:

A

Physical: in which the soul is connected to the human body
Spiritual: which exists on its own

65
Q

Roman Catholics’ belief in the soul

A

The soul can be purified through confession. A Catholic who failed to live a moral life is believed to be thrown to hell (impyerno).

66
Q

Roman Catholics’ belief in eternal life

A

Eternal Life can be attained by – good deeds, following the commandments of God, and avoiding sins.

67
Q

It is the Bisayan concept of the Soul.

A

DUNGAN

68
Q

People of _______ and ________ called the soul in Ilonggo as DUNGAN.

A

Panay and Negros

69
Q

4 Characteristics of DUNGAN

A

➝ Dungan lacks material substance and it is extremely light that it travels with the wind.
➝ It dwells above the surface of the earth before inhabiting the human body.
➝ It patiently chooses an unborn child’s body to inhabit.
➝ It grows proportionately with the physical body.

70
Q

Ilongos believe that DUNGAN must be protected and nurtured since it is vulnerable to _________.

A

USUG

71
Q

For the Visayans, dungan means __________.

A

willpower

72
Q

These are patterns of behavior or practices that are related to the sacred.

A

Rituals

73
Q

In Catholicism, rituals are called ______________.

A

Sacraments

74
Q

7 sacraments in Catholicism

A

Baptism, Holy Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Marriage, Holy Order

75
Q

Why do followers of a religion use rituals?

A

To give honor to the divine power of powers they believe in and to serve as a reminder of their religious obligations.

76
Q

These are rituals that mark important stages in an individual’s life cycle.

A

Rites of Passage

77
Q

Three stages of the Rites of Passage

A
  1. Separation
  2. Transition
  3. Incorporation
78
Q

Existentialist perspectives on God

A
  • God is dead, there is no life after death, and life has no meaning.
  • It is the person who should create his or her own meaning of existence.
  • Heaven is here on earth and this entails the worldly things and deeds that satisfy one’s sense.
79
Q

Albert Camus’ position on human life

A
  • Life is absurd because people are constantly looking for answers, reasons, or justifications for the good and the bad things happening in the world.
  • He pointed out that humans have a sense of justice and fairness which they project onto the world.
80
Q

For _______ and ___________, all have core elements and without those, things would not be what they are.

A

Plato and Aristotle

81
Q

These are inherent properties that give things their defining features.

A

Essence

82
Q

Philosophy of Essentialism

A

Plato and Aristotle agreed that everything has essence including humans and they believed that essences already exist before the time of birth. People are created to fulfill a specific purpose and that endows them the essence of life.

83
Q

What is the meaning of “existence precedes essence”, according to Jean Paul Sartre?

A

Human beings are not defined by any predetermined properties or essences.

84
Q

Philosophy of Existentialism

A

People are free to live their lives and they should define what they are, not in accordance with an idealized set of characteristics. One creates his or her own meaning in the act of maximizing his or her absolute freedom.

85
Q

It tries to invalidate the concept that God created humans and the entire universe for a specific purpose.

A

Theistic Existentialism

86
Q

It is based on the guided principle that the primary motivational force of every individual is to find meaning in life.

A

Logotherapy

87
Q

He developed logotherapy.

A

Viktor Frankl

88
Q

A psychotherapeutic approach, logotherapy is anchored on 3 basic principles:

A
  1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones
  2. The drive to live is one’s will to discover meaning in life.
  3. Humans are free to discover meaning in everything they do.
89
Q

For Frankl, there are three ways to find meaning in life:

A
  1. Doing an action
  2. Having personal experiences and interpersonal interactions
  3. Evaluating one’s attitude in the midst of suffering
90
Q

Aristotle’s “Man is a political animal” means that..

A

Aristotle believed that humans, like animals, intrinsically work together to achieve a common goal.

91
Q

Why is politics necessary?

A
  • People make decisions that affect all of them as a group.
  • The formulation of a general policy for a group of people constitutes politics, and the questions about these policies are political questions – questions that affect both personal and public interests.
92
Q

It is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation towards politics among members of a political system.

A

POLITICAL CULTURE

93
Q

6 Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture

A

o Dominance of family ties or kinship system ➝ political dynasty
o Euphemism ➝ parinig
o Utang na loob ➝ debt of gratitude
o Sense of overdependency
o Belief that majority of politicians are corrupt
o Lack of political maturity

94
Q

It is defined as the way of life followed by a people and which consists of learned and shared values, behavior, traditions, etc.

A

Culture

95
Q

Two major elements of Culture

A

Material and Non-material

96
Q

It is a system of government in which all citizens are eligible members of the state.

A

Democracy

97
Q

____________ ________ belongs to the people.

A

Sovereign power

98
Q

The very first principle in the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that…

A

“The Philippines is a democratic and republican state”.

99
Q

In a democratic country, it is expected that there is a ______ ___ ____ __________, human rights are protected and the rule of law is upheld.

A

rule of the majority

100
Q

It is the first republic ever declared in the Philippines.

A

Biak-na-Bato republic

101
Q

Basic Features of Democracy

A

➤ FIRST: it is the people who will suffer from the consequences of their decisions.
➤ SECOND: The protection of human rights.
➤ THIRD: Democracy should be under the rule of law and not rule of men.

102
Q

It denotes the status of being a legal member of a nation-state.

A

Citizenship

103
Q

How can we say if a person is a citizen of a specific country such as the Philippines?

A

o In most constitutions, citizenship is acquired through blood relations.
o One could also be a citizen through his or her birthplace.
o In some countries, if a person is born in that particular country, he or she automatically becomes a citizen of that country.
o Others needs to undergo the legal process of naturalization.

104
Q

Identify one quality of an ideal citizen.

A
  • patriotic
  • nationalistic
  • fosters love of humanity
  • has respect for human rights
  • appreciates the role of national heroes
  • knows the rights and duties of citizenship
  • has strong ethical and spiritual values
  • has good moral character and personal discipline
105
Q

It is defined as the traditions and institutions that determine how authority is exercised in a particular country.

A

Governance

106
Q

7 principles that aim to eliminate corruption in the government

A

 Selflessness
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Honesty
 Accountability
 Openness
 Leadership

107
Q

These are inherent traits that make Filipinos different from other nationalities

A

Filipino Values

108
Q

Identify a positive Filipino Value

A

 Bayanihan
 Damayan
 Familism or Close Family Ties
 Optimism
 Hospitality
 Regionalism
 Flexibility
 Religious
 Respect for Elders
 Remedyo Attitude
 Matiyaga
 Utang na Loob

109
Q

Identify a negative Filipino Value

A

 Bahala na Attitude
 Colonial Mentality
 Crab Mentality
 Euphemistic
 Filipino Time
 Gaya-gaya Attitude
 Tsamba lang Attitude
 Jackpot Mentality
 Belief in Kapalaran
 Mamamaya na Habit
 Ningas Kugon
 Oversensitivity
 Pakikisama
 Lack of Sportsmanship

1st-1st: Understanding the Self (3 decks)

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