Midterm (God help us all) Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
How did Christianity reach Hispania, and what interfered with and/or influenced its spread?
A
pop legend says st james/ Santiago brought it arounf 40 AD, historians think it came from North Africa, most people remained pagan and were stubborn about converting
2
Q
What contributed to the end of Roman rule?
A
rampaging barbarians from the north
3
Q
augustus Caesar
A
originally named Octavian, nephew of Julius Caesar, rome’s first emperor
4
Q
pax romana
A
2 centuries of unparalleled peace and prosperity, achieved at first under augustus caesar
5
Q
Seneca the younger/stoicism
A
Seneca was a philosopher who developed stoicism which says that an individualsought to transcend the restraints of pain and pleasure, happiness and woe, in order to free the spirit
6
Q
marcus aurelius
A
called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor, the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism
7
Q
Trajan
A
first roman emperor from the provinces, under him, rome reached its greatest extent
8
Q
Hadrian
A
adopted son of Trajan, under him Spanish conquests stopped and defense was unnecessary, under him rome reached its Golden age in hispania
9
Q
Theodosius
A
banned paganism, outlawed olympic games,
10
Q
st james the greater/Santiago
A
brother of St. John, according to popular legend he brought Christianity to the peninsula, built a temple to the holy virgin in zaragoza
11
Q
Santiago de compostela
A
where the remains of st james supposedly are
12
Q
Constantine 1
A
roman emperor who legalized christianity
13
Q
council of nicea
A
established Nicene creed
14
Q
Nicene creed (325)
A
basis of roman Catholicism, statement of faith
15
Q
pagus= peasant>Pagan-
A
pagan in latin means peasant aka one who lives in a village
16
Q
“bread and circuses”-
A
romans provided food and entertainment to keep the people content under their rule
17
Q
Describe the impact of Visigothic rule. How did it differ from Roman rule?
A
religion
18
Q
Who was Saint Isidore of Seville and what was his importance?
A
he wrote the etemologies which was an encyclopedia that sought to gather all of the knowledge
19
Q
What reasons can be given for the Moors’ easy conquest of the peninsula?
A
old spanards thought that the moors would leave quickly, jews supported the moors because of how the visigoths treated them
20
Q
What kept the Moors from conquering the entire peninsula?
A
the two leading arab factions turned against each other
21
Q
Describe the Moors’ treatment of Christians and Jews.
A
they allowed Christians and jews to practice their religions if they submitted to Moorish rule
22
Q
Describe the major contributions of the Moors to the development of Spanish society.
A
mosque of Cordoba, bath houses, they introduced glasswork and other art, glazed tiles, language, intro of new crops
23
Q
409
A
visigothic invasion
24
Q
570-632
A
life of mohammed
25
711
Moorish invasion
26
720
Battle of Covadonga
27
732
Battle of Poitiers/Charles Martel (Moors defeated by Charles Martel in France)
28
Andalusia
the last area of Moorish occupation
29
Arian heresy
arian view of Christianity that the visigoths observed denied the trinity
30
king Leovigild (54)-
greatest visigothuc ruler, under him the basque were defeated
31
Heremenegild
son of king leovigild, catholic martyr
32
Reccared (HO)-
son of leovigild, converted to Catholicism, united the kingdom under 1 religion in 590
33
Roderick (HO)-
visigothic leader of spain when moors enter
34
Count Julian/Florinda (HO)-
Florinda was the daughter of count Julian (byzantine governor of cueta in africa), Roderick was obsessed with her and raped her, so Julian is rumored to approach moors with invasion plan
35
Gibraltar- Tariq’s rock-
where moors landed in spain lead by tariq ibn-ziyad
36
abd-er Rahman –
the wanderer, transform al-andalus into a great kingdom
37
Covadonga/ pelayo –
pelayo organized the resistance against the moors that cumulated In the war of Covadonga in about 720
38
alfonso 1 –
founder of the Asturias kingdom
39
great mosque/Cordoba –
Cordoba was the capital of Moorish spain, the great mosque was the moors greatest legacy, moors used half of the church and allowed the Christians to stay in the other half, became the 2nd most important important place of worship for muslims
40
khalifa/caliph-
representative of the prophet, title taken by ab der Rahman 3
41
Crops brought by Arabs –
orange, lemon, peach, rice, cotton, etc
42
Fernan Gonzalez –
according to legend Gonzalez sold a horse and hawk to the king of leon and the king said that he would pay him a certain price but everyday that went by and he hadn’t been payed the price would double after so long the king just gave Gonzalez castilla’s independence as payment
43
Mansur –
the victorious, arab noble who struck blow to Christian spain by destroying shrine in Santiago de compostela and capturing it
44
During Al Mansur’s reign, what city was the center of Moorish Spain, and what caused its downfall along with that of the caliphate? -
medina azahra, rebellious berber mercenaries destroyed it
45
Who were the forerunners of the Reconquest? (I.e. What regions were most resistant to Moorish rule?) –
the kingdom of leon
46
Who was St. James the Moor Slayer (Santiago Matamoros)and what is his importance in the Reconquest?
the representation of the apostle James’ miraculous figure who appeared at the also legendary Battle of Clavijo, helping the Christians conquer the Muslim Moors
47
What event in 1085 was the first crucial victory of the Reconquest? How did the Moors respond, and what was the result? –
alfonso’s army recaptured Toledo, the asked for help from muslim Africa causing the almoravids to come and help them
48
What was the importance of the Battle of las Navas de Tolosa in 1212?
marked the beginning of the end for muslim spain, Christians got a large part of andalusia, turning point, makes moors retreat to Granada
49
Who was the Cid, and how was he influential in the Reconquest?
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar - served Sancho of castilla (son of Fernando 1), achieved lasting fame through the first great epic poem of Spanish literature, el cantar del mio cid, exiled by alfonso VI and fought in the service of the moors, national hero of Christian Spain
50
What ended Almoravid rule in the 12th century? How did the period that followed differ? –
the uprising by the almohades, the almohades were intolerant of other religion
51
What are some of the cultural contributions of the Moors?
alchemy and medicine, advanced hospitals for lepers, Arabic numerals, algebra, language, technology for making paper and gunpowder
52
Why was the marriage of Fernando and Isabel in 1469 a watershed in the history of Spain?
war over who was going to be the next to get the crown
53
Castile (p79)
center of peninsular gravity, castillian language originated around burgos, oldest written example is manuscript from 964 by the monks of san Millan de la cogolla the cradle of castilian
54
Santiago the pilgrimage site –
greatest Christian pilgramige of the middle ages, a network of pilgrims' ways or pilgrimages leading to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela where tradition has it that the remains of the saint are buried.
55
latfundios –
large land grants that nobles and the more successful knights recieved
56
grandes/hidalgos-
the grandes were at the top of the pyramid, hidalgos (lesser nobles) under them, hidalgos lived by a strict code that glorified land ownership and discourage business activities and manuel labor
57
importance of sheep –
demand soared for Spanish wool and it was the mainstay of the economy for centuries
58
averroes –
philosopher, translated the works of Aristotle into arabic
59
Maimonides-
renowned doctor who wrote many medical treatises
60
1212-
Las Navas de Tolsa, Moorish troops defeated by christians
61
Alfonso X-
“the learned” of “the wise”, Christian king who who oversaw enlightened tolerance for jews and moors, expanded schools for translators who turned literature, philosophy, and medicine into latin
62
mudejares-
the moors permitted to remain, areas where there was a majority of muslim people but the Christians didn’t see them as a threat bc they weren’t under the control of their Morrocan overlords
63
mudejar style in architecture –
horseshoe arch, florid detail, and other Moorish motifs were adapted to Christian and secular buildings
64
The Catholic Kings -
joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon
65
How did the new monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, consolidate their power? (I.e. What type of reforms did they put into effect in the social, political, and religious spheres?) –
they forced the aristocrats out of parliament, took control of the noble-infested military orders, and ordered the destruction of all castles not vital to national defense
66
Who was targeted by the Spanish Inquisition, and why? –
false Christians, particularly jews who had converted but secretly maintained their rites and customs bc conversos were unreliable and dangerous to the monarchy
67
Describe the manifold significance of the year 1492. Name specific events and their influence on Spain and/or the rest of the world. –
Granada surrenders, catholic monarchs enter Granada, jews who refused to convert were expelled, Christopher Columbus given permission for voyage, Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexnder VI (most corrupt pope in history
68
What were the major challenges that Carlos I faced during his reign, both at home and abroad? –
the madness and subsequent seclusion of his queen mother, pacifying his Iberian kingdoms, the pope, rivalry between the Habsburg and Valois dynasties, struggle against Protestantism in northern europe
69
How did Hernando Cortés conquer the Aztecs? –
the Aztecs saw him as the god Quetzalcoatl and they were awed and terrified by the things that Cortez brought with him that they had never seen before like horses, war-dogs, muskets, and artillery
70
Describe the origin of the Society of the Jesuits and its role in the Spanish Counter-Reformation. –
Catholicism’s most controversial religious order bc of their military style organization and special vow of loyalty to the pope stood firm against the rising protestant tide
71
844-
battle of clavijo- rumored legandary battle where undermanned army of christians faces mighty army of muslims, st james appears on horseback with sword drawn and leads the christian armies to victory, gives christians hope, christians see it as God having their side
72
11th c-
the cid
73
1212-
battle of las navas de tolosa
74
13c
alfonso x, convivencia
75
14thc
the black death
76
1496-
marriage of Ferdinand and Isabel
77
1478-
establishment of inquisition
78
1492-
end of reconquest; colombus; expulsion of jews
79
santa fe -
“the cradle of spanishness,” birthplace of the Spanish world, place where the kingdoms of castilla and aragon ended morrish occupation, where Christopher colombus got permission for his voyage, built to be a base camp for the final assault on Granada
80
conversos-
converts
81
marranos (pigs/swine) –
jewish converts suspected of reverting to their jewish practices
82
inquisition-
tomas de Torquemada
83
auto de fe-
“act of faith,” punishment dealt to conversos who were found guilty of still observing their first faith included proxessions, sermons, confession, and executions
84
Alhambra-
“the red castle,” palace built by the moors
85
yoke and arrows –
badge that the Christian armies marched under
86
Boabdil.
“the unfortunate one” – son of Aixa and Mulay, Granada split between Aixa and Boab and Soraya (concubine), boab made a deal w Fernando that he would surrender Granada once his rivals (father and uncle) were defeated eventually goes back on his word, surrenders Granada
87
Granada –
last arab stronghold
88
Christopher colombus –
first presented his ideas about the sea to the Portuguese then approached the Spanish, thought that the distance between the canaries and China was just 4 thousand kilometers and council appointed by Isabella and Ferdinand said it was larger and no, his bro tried to get England to sponsor chris but chris wouldn’t give up oon isabella
89
treaty of Granada –
Boabdil gives up Granada, boa gets gold and land, guaranteed Moorish rights, vanquished offered transit to morocco and a return trip to spain if unhappy
90
Sephardic jews –
jews descending from the jews of Spain who settled in North Africa, Italy, Greece, turkey, and the Levant
91
October 12 –
el dia de la Hispanidad, the day that Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas on San Salvador
92
amerigo Vespucci –
chartered the coastland of south ameruca, where the new world got its name
93
Rodrigo Borgia, pope alexander VI –
most corrupt pope in history, named Fernando and Isabella the catholic kings
94
Hidalgo –
got the name Don and a family coat of arms, made people spend time on finding or inventing aristocratic ancestors in the family tree
95
Latfundia –
huge tracts of andalucia that were handed out to important nobles
96
Cardinal Cisneros –
confessor to the queen, appointed archbishop of Toledo and enforced the vow of celibacy, oversaw the inquisition, developed the core of the Spanish navy, and led armies, ruthless pursecuter of the moors, sponsored forced conversions and bonfires of Islamic books
97
morisco-
moors who converted to Christianity, most muslims chose to stay and to convert
98
la celestina-
written by converso Fernando de rojas in 1499, some call it the first European novel, the story of an old hag who sells her wisdom and love potions to encourage seduction and romance, ends the 15th century, changes the world by looking at the relationship of the part to the whole
99
phillip “the Fair” of burgundy –
the husband of Juana, the mad (Fernando and Isabel’s daughter, next in line for throne), player, when Isabel died she made Fernando regent to subvert phillip and Juana’s power but phillip forces Fernando to step down and phillip dies quickly
100
Joanna the mad/juana la loca –
daughter of Fernando and Isabel, next in line for throne after her bro dies, plunged into deep despair by husbands affairs, seen as too fragile to lead, collapses mentally when husband dies, started touring spain w his body, eventually secludes herself for 46 years until she dies but remains the queen of Spain the whole time
101
Charles of ghent-charles 1/ Charles V -
son of phillip and juana, castilla and aragon fall to him, elected as holy roman emperor Charles V, made Spaniards consider themselves part of Europe for the first time, abdicated thrown for his bro bc he was tired and gave the low countries and spain w all of its possessions to his son felipe
102
fountain of youth/ search for el dorado –
ponce de leon sailed from cuba and hit the mainland in what he called florida looking for waters that the Indians had claimed had remarkable medicinal powers
103
Ferdinand Magellan –
Portuguese explorer who discovered and named the strait of Magellan and named the pacific ocean
104
conquistadores
pizarro
cortes
balbao
105
pizarro –
conquered the incas in Peru
106
cortes –
conquered the Aztecs in mexico
107
balboa –
first to see the pacific ocean, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World, discovery made it so there was no doubt that Columbus had discovered a new continent
108
incas –
native people of Peru
109
Atahualpa –
ruler of the incas
110
Viracocha –
a bearded white god of the incas who granted gifts of civilization and then left and promised to come back
111
the Aztecs –
indian group in Mexico, conquered by Cortes
112
moctezuma –
the Aztec ruler who welcomed cortes
113
Quetzalcoatl –
the god that the Aztecs saw Cortes as, instructed them in agriculture and other things before leaving them with a promise to return
114
Suleiman, the magnificent –
ruler of turkey
115
saint Ignatius of Loyola –
jailed for suspected illuminist learnings, spearheaded the Spanish counter-reformation, his book spiritual exercises became the cornerstone of the society of Jesus, the Jesuits
116
Erasmus –
leading humanist
117
martin luther –
leader of the protestant reformation, wrote the 95 theses which said that that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds
118
Describe the Black Legend and its primary proponent. -
the historical and literary tradition of smearing Spain, Spaniards, and anything Hispanic as evil, inferior, and uniquely cruel, montanus
119
1516-
Charles I
120
1556-
phillip II
121
1571-
battle of lepanto
122
1588
the Spanish armada
123
the Escorial –
referred to as the 8th wonder of the world, a palace-monastery, has a royal crypt, library, and a collection of body parts, monument of the counter-reformation, symbol of Spanish catholisism, built by king Philip 2 in late 16th century
124
Bartolome de la casa, a brief relation –
the first priest ordained in the new world, began a campaign to prove Spanish crimes
125
madrid, the new capital of spain –
king phillip 2 moved spains administrative capital from Toledo to madrid in 1561 bc of its location at the peninsula’s geographical center
126
what does roman conquest entail
architecture (cathedrals and castles)
pleasure (colosseum, amphitheatre)
communication (roads, bridges)
public services (bath houses)
127
roman emperors from spain
hadrian and trajan
128
what is significant about the roman emperors from spain
shows that the education system of spain had reached such levels that some who attended it could lead all of rome
129
how do the romans treat christians
they persecute them and drive them into the catacombs
130
who influenced constantine's policies about christianity
his mom, helena, was a christian
131
what was the greatest contribution of the visigoths
they preserved what was roman, sustained the infrastructure that was put in place by the romans
132
what was the capital of spain under the visigoths
toledo
133
Hermenguild
first martyr
134
valley of the fallen
cross constructed in the Guadarrama mountains to represent the soldiers fallen in the spanish civil war by frnaco across from the escorial bc he knew he wasn't going to be allowed to be buried there
135
pillate
most magnificant sculpture, mary holding the dead Jesus
136
segovia
used to be roman military base, built aqueduct to provide water to the troops
137
under what rule was christianity consolidated
the visigoths
138
1450
invention of the printing press
139
who was the father of the convivencia
alfonso x
140
under who does spanish become the official language
alfonso x
141
what is the symbol of St. James
shell w sowrd on it
142
july 25
the day of St. James
143
what is pamplona associated with
the martyr st fermin
144
where is castillian first found
in a monastary called San Millan in a manuscript
145
what does convivencia mean
coexsistence, living together
146
santa maria la blanca
synagogue built by the moors for jews
147
what is alfonso x associated with
pro-christian law books, capidario (medicinal properties of rocks and gems), translated non-christian works, father of castilian language, wrote general estoria (history of the world) and siete partidas (political works)
148
jewish contributions
medicine
translators
crafts
149
cANTIGAS DE SANTA MARIA
series of poems written by alfonso
150
antonio de nebrija
wrote the 1st book of grammar
151
when does seville fall
11th century
152
what does the cid mean and who gave him this name
lord, the muslims bc he was a merciful enemy =
153
what was the task of the inquisition
discover heresey
154
1670
circulation of forged document that said that the inquisition executed way more people than it actually did
155
nicolo machiazeli
wrote what it meant to be a good ruler, said the ends justifies the means, wrote the prince which talks about what it means to be a good ruler and his example was ferdinand
156
1516
charles 1/v comes into rule
157
werner herzay
write aguirre, the wrath of God, film about the mindset of conquistadors
158
habsburg dynasty in spain
came from austria
| 1500-1700
159
charles 2
the idiot, result of intermarriage which made him imcompetent
last habsburg ruler
1665-1700
160
la guernica
painting by picasso
| shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals
161
miguel de cervantes
wrote don quixote
162
antonio de nebrija
wrote a book of grammar of the Castilian language
163
polygot bible
the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible, initiated and financed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
164
1516
charles 1/5 comes into pwer in spain
165
where did the reformation start and who was associated w it
spain, loyola (basque soldier)
166
famous mystics
teresa of avila and john of the cross
167
what does teresa of avila reform and found
the carmaliete order, discalced carmalliete
168
1898
spanish american war
169
1776
declaration of independence
170
1789
french revolution
171
1588
spanish armada
172
1499 to 17th c
golden age of spain
173
the 3 main battles that prevented spain from being an islamic nation
the battle f covadonga
battle of tours
battle of lepanto
174
describe the traditional cathedral
in the shape of the cross, pulpit at center, aisle called nave (for navel)
175
renaissance
revival of greek and roman tendencies, you see absolute symetry
176
the battle of lepanto
naval battle lead by john of austria, one of the most significant battles that prevent spain from being islamic
177
picaresque novel
look at society from the bottom up
178
what period creates the black legend
reformation
179
significant theatre people during the golden age of spain
lope de vega (spanish shakespeare)
| calderon (life is a dream)
180
significant painters during the spanish golden age
```
el greco (king didn't like him)
valasque (king liked him)
```
181
las merinas
valasquez' masterpiece
182
phillip 2
aka paper king, created council of trent which is designed to clean up church
183
why was the war against protestants do significant
the printing press allowed propaganda to occur
