Midterm I

Question 1

Endocrine signaling

Answer 1

Long distances through the bloodstream

eg adrenaline, estrogen

Question 2

Paracrine signaling

Answer 2

short distances through diffusion

eg growth factors

Question 3

Autocrine signaling

Answer 3

signaling and responding within the same cell

eg developmental decisions, cell division

Question 4

Endoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

Answer 4

cells lining inside of digestive tract and lungs

liver and pancreas cells

Question 5

Ectoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

Answer 5

cells in outer layer of skin

pigment cells

nerve cells in the brain

Question 6

Mesoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

Answer 6

cells in inner layer of skin

muscle, bone and red blood cells

Question 7

Totipotent

Answer 7

can give rise to a complete organism

eg the fertilised egg

Question 8

Pluripotent

Answer 8

can give rise to any of the 3 germ layers and therefore any cell of the body –> can’t on their own give rise to an entire organism

eg inner cell mass

Question 9

Multipotent

Answer 9

can form a limited number of types of specialised cells

eg cells of germ layers

Question 10

Epidermis

Answer 10

outer layer of skin, serves as water-resistant protective barrier

Question 11

Dermis

Answer 11

supports the epidermis, also has cushioning effect

Question 12

Epithelial cells

Answer 12

cells arranged in one or more layers

Question 13

Basal Lamina

Answer 13

a specialised form of extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues

eg connects dermis to epidermis

Question 14

Microtubule

Answer 14

helps maintain cell shape and internal structure

radiates out from centrosome

functions as tracks –> kinesin transports cargo toward + end ; dynein transports load to - end

Question 15

Microfilaments

Answer 15

reinforces plasma membrane

associate with myosin to transport cargo

eg vesicles

Question 16

Intermediate filaments

Answer 16

attached to cell junctions at cytoplasmic side –> anchoring results in structural continuity

Question 17

Cadherins

Answer 17

calcium-dependent adherance proteins

only bind to others of the same type

Question 18

Integrins

Answer 18

cell adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to extracellular matrix

also acts as receptors

Question 19

Tight Junction

Answer 19

prevents the movement of substances through the space between cells

made up of: tight junction proteins

Question 20

Adherens Junctions

Answer 20

cell - cell adhesion/anchoring

made up of: microfilaments, cadherin proteins

Question 21

Desmosome

Answer 21

cell - cell adhesion/anchoring

made up of: intermediate filaments, cadherin proteins

Question 22

Hemidesmosome

Answer 22

cell - extracellular matrix adhesion/anchoring

made up of: intermediate filaments, integrin

connects to basal lamina

Question 23

Gap Junction

Answer 23

allows materials to pass directly from one cytoplasm to the next

made up of: channels (connexins)

Question 24

Sensory Neurons

Answer 24

receiv and transmit info about the environment/internal physiological state

Question 25

Interneurons

Answer 25

process the info from sensory neurons and transmit it to different body regions, communicates with motor neurons

Question 26

Motor Neurons

Answer 26

produces suitable responses to the info from interneurons

Question 27

Ganglia

Answer 27

grous of nerve cell bodies that process sensor info received from a nearby region, resulting in a signal to motor neurons

Question 28

Depolorisation

Answer 28

increase in membrane potential (like before an action potential is fired)

Question 29

Hyperpolarisation

Answer 29

further decrease in membrane potential

Question 30

EPSP | (Excitatoy Postynaptic Potential)

Answer 30

positive change in membrane potential

Question 31

IPSP | (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)

Answer 31

negative change in membrane potential

Question 32

Temporal Summation | (of EPSPs and IPSPs)

Answer 32

the frequency of synaptic stimuli determines whether the postsynaptic cell fires an action potential

Question 33

Spacial Summation | (of EPSPs and IPSPs)

Answer 33

the number of synaptic stimuli received from different regions of the dendrites

Question 34

Peripheral Nervous System | ( + type of neuron)

Answer 34

sensory and motor nerves afferent neurons

Question 35

Central Nervous System

Answer 35

brain and main nerve cord efferent neurons

Question 36

Somatic system

Answer 36

Voluntary/ conscious reactions eg sensing and responding to external stimuli

Question 37

Autonomic System

Answer 37

Involuntary/ unconscious reactions eg homeostasis

Question 38

Sympathetic division

Answer 38

part of the autonomic system results in arousal and increased activity "fight or flight"

Question 39

Parasympathetic division

Answer 39

part of the autonomic system "rest and digest"

Question 40

Cerebellum

Answer 40

coordinates complex motor tasks (uses motor and sensory info)

Question 41

Brainstem

Answer 41

initiates and regulates motor functions, breathng, swallowing low levels of activity enable sleep

Question 42

Thalamus

Answer 42

central relay station for sensory info sent to higher brain centers of the crebrum

Question 43

Hypothalamus

Answer 43

h o m e o s t a s i s interacts closely with autonomic and endocrine systems to regulate the general physiological stat of the body

Question 44

Cerebral cortex

Answer 44

sensory perception, memory, learning

Question 45

Limbic system

Answer 45

controls physiological drives, instincts, emotions, motivation and sense of reward

Question 46

Hippocampus

Answer 46

long-term memory formation

Question 47

Frontal lobe

Answer 47

decision making, planning

Question 48

Temporal lobe

Answer 48

processes sound includes auditory cortex

Question 49

Parietal lobe

Answer 49

body awareness and the ability to perform complex tasks includes primary somatosensory cortex

Question 50

Occipital lobe

Answer 50

processes visual info includes visual cortex

Question 51

Neurosecretory cells

Answer 51

neurons that release hormones which act on endocrine glands or other targets

Question 52

Peptide and amide hormones

Answer 52

hydrophilic --\> bind to membrane receptors on cell surface more abundant than steroids

Question 53

Steroid hormones

Answer 53

Hydrophobic --\> diffuse freely across cell membrane to bind with receptors derived from cholesterol

Question 54

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 54

forms from epithelial cells hypothalamus secretes releasing factors into the bloodstream that cause these cells to release hormones

Question 55

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 55

develops from neural tissue neurosecretory cells extend their axons all the way here, where they releae their hormones into the bloodstream

Question 56

Parathyroid gland

Answer 56

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) works with calcitonin to regulate levels of calcium in the blood

Question 57

Pineal gland

Answer 57

responds to darkness, secretes melatonin

Question 58

Cone cells

Answer 58

contains ospins, sensitive to different wavelengths of light enables color and sharp vision

Question 59

Rod cells

Answer 59

contains rhodopsin, most sensitive to blue-green light enables vision in low light

Question 60

Photoreceptors in the dark

Answer 60

continuously releases glutamate (neurotransmitter)

Question 61

Photoreceptors in the light

Answer 61

when retinal changes from cis --\> trans Na+ channels close cell membranes become hyperpolarised releases less glutamate