Midterm II Flashcards Preview

History: Launching America > Midterm II > Flashcards

Flashcards in Midterm II Deck (78)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Race, Ethnicity, and Economy

A

Slaves were flourishing in the Upper South. The northern colonies had less slavery flourishing. The further south you go, it was more diverse; more north, more uniform.

2
Q

Religion and Education

A

West Indies had much piety in Pennsylvania, New England, and New France. More ministers were in the north than the south. Colonists were trying to keep education away from slaves. Chesapeake settlers provided almost no schooling.

3
Q

Local and Provincial Governments

A

Locally, settlers drew on English experience to organize parishes, towns, and counties. Provincially, they had royal governments. Proprietary forms dominated south New England. Corporate forms were established in New England.

4
Q

Unifying Trends: Language, War, and Law

A

Language was more uniform in America than England. Europe wanted limited wars, but colonists demanded quick and total victories. Law was a simple version of England’s complex one.

5
Q

The Emergence of the Old South

A

Africans on huge, smelly ships from Britain brought thousands to America. Slaves transformed the social structure of the southern colonies. Owners kept them in gangs to work the fields.

6
Q

Sickle Cell

A

Crescent or sickle shaped red blood cell sometimes found in African Americans. It helped protect them from malaria but exposed some children to the dangerous condition of sickle cell anemia.

7
Q

Task System

A

System of Slave labor, used on ride plantations, in which slaves had to complete assignments each day. After these assignments, they had free time.

8
Q

Gang Labor

A

System used on tobacco plantations where planters organized their field slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and kept them working in the fields all day.

9
Q

Gullah

A

Language spoken by newly imported African slaves. Originally a second language for everyone who spoke it, it evolved into modern black English.

10
Q

Indigo

A

A blue dye, obtained from plants, that was used by the textile industry. The British government subsidized the commercial production of it in South Carolina.

11
Q

The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The Best Poor Man’s Country

A

Filled with pluralistic societies that brought religion and ethnicity. Many Irish and Germans thrived there. Many settlers traveled to Pennsylvania in the backcountry.

12
Q

Ulster

A

Northern province of Ireland that brought a majority of Irish immigrants to colonize. Many were Presbyterians and are now called Scots-Irish.

13
Q

Redemptioners

A

Servants with a contract of indenture that allowed them to find masters after arriving in the colonies. Many redemptioners were German families.

14
Q

Backcountry

A

Term referred to the western settlements and the misfits who lived there (Pennsylvania and beyond).

15
Q

Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal

A

Eight courtiers who became a board of proprietors for Carolina. Settlers mainly came from Maryland and Virginia, many in poverty. They wanted an aristocratic society, brought up by Harrington. Nobles and commoners made laws. Slaves were starting to become a factor due to poverty rates.

16
Q

Restoration Era

A

Beginning in 1660 when the Stuart dynasty under Charles II was restored to the throne of England and ended with the overthrow of James II in 1688-1689.

17
Q

William Penn

A

Convert to the Society of Friends in the 1660’s, Penn acquired a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681, and then launched a major migration of Friends to the Delaware valley. Huge Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania. Took many different people to Pennsylvania for settlement.

18
Q

Cavaliers

A

Supporters of the Stuart family of Charles I during the civil wars.

19
Q

New York: An Experiment in Absolutism

A

James II and Charles I wanted New York, it shifted to England’s control. Dutch still thrived among the Hudson, and New Jersey took a rise in population. Dutch still fought for control, but the people were marrying intermingled. Long Island became very popular and an elective assembly.

20
Q

Quaker Beliefs

A

Quakers infuriated other denominations. Others thought they were radicals and dangerous and would bring anarchy. Quakers had no sacraments or no organized clergy. People spoke in a service whenever God possessed the spirit.

21
Q

Pacifist

A

Person opposed to war or violence (Quakers).

22
Q

Quaker Families

A

Women enjoyed equality, and some became preachers. They even held formal meetings. They never married outside of their beliefs. Permissive parenting styles were high. Children were highly cared for and taught good.

23
Q

Public Friends

A

Men and women who spoke frequently for the Society of Friends (Quakers). They were as close as the Quakers came to having a clergy.

24
Q

West New Jersey

A

In 1674, New Jersey proprietors split their holding into two colonies. East and West New Jersey. West Jersey believed godly people could live together in love without war. Government stuck to the people, but the system broke down after growth.

25
Q

Pennsylvania

A

More planning was brought into Pennsylvania than any other colony. 1682 the province brought a constitution. Many of the frameworks of the constitution was brought from this constitution. Quakers thrived in Pennsylvania along with German pacifists.

26
Q

Inns of Court

A

England’s law schools.

27
Q

The Popish Plot, The Exclusion Crisis, and the Rise of Party

A

Titus Oates wanted to kill Charles to bring James to the throne. It did not work, and James did not get the throne. Charles ended three years of turmoil in 1681. He dissolved Parliament and ruled without one for the last four years of his reign.

28
Q

Whigs

A

Sect of Scottish religious extremists who favored the assassination of Charles and James of England. Term was used to denote the two major political parties.

29
Q

Tories

A

Term for Irish Catholic peasants who murdered Protestant landlords. It was used to describe the followers of Charles II and became the name of the other major political party in England.

30
Q

The Lords of Trade and Imperial Reform

A

The Lords of Trade enforced the Navigation Acts from the duke of York. Most colonists wanted Constitutional rule. London also wanted each colony to pay for its own government. Metacom’s War and Bacon’s Rebellion led to this reform.

31
Q

The Dominion of New England

A

New York was responsible for New England’s reorganization. Andros was sent to take over a new government called Dominion of New England. He failed to have good communication with farmers and colonists.

32
Q

Quitrent

A

Small annual fee attached to a piece of land. It differed from other rents in that nonpayment did not lead to ejection from the land but to a suit for debt.

33
Q

The Glorious Revolution

A

Overthrow in 1688 of King James II by Whigs and Tories, who invited William of Orange to England. He and his wife Mary became king and queen.

34
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A

The 1692 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and stress that led to 20 executions.

35
Q

The Completion of Empire

A

Glorious Revolution guaranteed that the Royal colonies would have representative governments. This may not have been the best move. William went against Parliament and replaced the Lords of Trade.

36
Q

Heathens

A

Term used by Christians to refer to people who did not worship the God of the Bible.

37
Q

Balance of Trade

A

Relationship between imports and exports. A favorable balance of trade meant that exports exceeded imports.

38
Q

Enumerated Commodities

A

Colonial crops, such as sugar and tobacco, that had to be shipped from the colony of origin to England or another English colony.

39
Q

Patronage

A

Appointing people to government jobs or awarding them government contracts, often based on political favoritism rather than on abilities.

40
Q

Politics of Harmony

A

Where the governor and the colonial assembly worked together through persuasion rather than through patronage or bullying.

41
Q

Republics

A

Independent Indian villages that were willing to trade with the British and remained outside the French system of Indian alliances.

42
Q

Privateers

A

Privately owned ship authorized by a government to attack enemy ships during war. The owner and crew claim a portion of whatever was captured.

43
Q

King George’s War

A

Popular term in North America for the third of the four Angli-French wars before the American Revolution 1744-1748.

44
Q

The Cherokee War

A

1759-1761, the Cherokee Indians devastated the South Carolina backcountry. British army intervened and in turn inflicted immense damage on the Cherokee.

45
Q

The Peace of Paris

A

The 1763 treaty ended the war between Britain on the one side, and France and Spain on the other. France surrendered New France to Britain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain, and France compensated its ally by ceding Louisiana to Spain.

46
Q

George Grenville

A

Head of British government from 1763-1765, Grenville passed the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, the Currency Act, and the Stamp Act, provoking the imperial crisis of 1765-1766.

47
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

English attempt to prevent colonists from encroaching upon Indian lands by prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian watershed unless the government first purchased those lands by treaty.

48
Q

Pontiac

A

An Ottawa chief whose name has been attached to the great Indian uprising against the British in 1763-1764.

49
Q

The Sugar Act

A

Keep French molasses certified as British. Most molasses was imported from French islands. Merchants wanted to pay one pence, but Grenville insisted on three. It required more paperwork for ship captains.

50
Q

The Currency Act

A

Passed by Grenville. Currency Act responded to wartime protests. Currency changed to paper money due to the Sugar and Stamp Acts. Colonists thought this would hurt others.

51
Q

Vice-Admiralty Courts

A

Royal courts who handled enemy ships captured in war. These courts did not use juries.

52
Q

Specie

A

Called hard money, as against paper money. This meant silver but could also mean gold.

53
Q

The Stamp Act

A

Passed by George Grenville in 1765, imposing duties on most legal documents and newspapers. This created a massive imperial crisis.

54
Q

External Taxes

A

Taxes based upon oceanic trade, like port duties. Colonists thought of them as regulating trade rather than as taxes or revenue.

55
Q

Internal Taxes

A

Taxes imposed on land, people, or documents. Colonists thought that only their elective assemblies had the constitutional power to impose internal taxes.

56
Q

Liberty Tree

A

Term for the gallows on which enemies of the people deserved to be hanged.

57
Q

Non importation Agreements

A

Agreements not to import goods from Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of other acts.

58
Q

Repeal

A

Rockingham thought the only solution was a civil war, but this would not show power to Britain. They repealed the Stamp Act because of its economic disaster. Declaratory Act was first brought up, second was repealing the Stamp Act, and third the Revenue Act.

59
Q

Townshend Revenue Act

A

Passed in 1767, it imposed import duties on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter’s colors. It provoked the imperial crisis of 1767-1770. In 1770 they repealed all of them but the Tea Act.

60
Q

The Boston Massacre

A

Confrontation between colonial protestors and British soldiers in front of the customs house in 1770. Five colonists were killed and six wounded.

61
Q

Common Law

A

Heart of the English legal system was based on precedents and judicial decisions. Common-law courts offered due process through such devices as trial by jury, which consists of men.

62
Q

Committees of Correspondance

A

Bodies formed from both the local and colonial levels that played an important role in exchanging ideas and information. They spread primarily anti-British material and were an important step in the first tentative unity of people in different colonies.

63
Q

Phillies Wheatley

A

A slave that published her first poem in Boston in 1767. In 1773 she visited London to celebrate the publication, she became popular from it.

64
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

Boston’s Sons of Liberty threw 342 chests of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor rather than allow them to be landed and the hated tea duty to be paid.

65
Q

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

A

Four states passed in response to Boston Tea Party acts. Colonists called them the intolerable acts and included the Quebec Act under that label.

66
Q

Provincial Congress

A

Convention elected by the colonists to organize resistance. They tended to be larger than the legal assemblies they displaced, and they played a major role in the countryside.

67
Q

First Continental Congress

A

Intercolonial colony meeting in Philadelphia in 1774 to organize resistance against the intolerable acts by defining American rights, petitioning the king, and appealing the British and American people.

68
Q

Association

A

Groups created by the First Continental Congress as local committees to enforce its trade sanctions against Britain. Their creation signaled that Congress was beginning to act as a central government.

69
Q

Toward War

A

Lord North ordered Cage to send troops to Concord. Trade was tensioning with colonists. Battle of Lexington came from this.

70
Q

Battle of Lexington

A

First military engagement of the Revolutionary War. Occurring in 1775 when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of Minutemen.

71
Q

Hessians

A

Term used to describe the 17,000 mercenary troops hired by Britain from various German states, especially Hesse.

72
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, this document justified American independence to the world by affirming that all men are created equal and have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

73
Q

The Second Continental Congress

A

Inter colonial body that met in Philadelphia in 1775 organizing the Continental Army, appointed George Washington commander in chief, and pursued policies of military resistance.

74
Q

Revenue Act

A

Reduced the duty of molasses from three pence per gallon to one penny. This generated more wealth than any other act.

75
Q

The Quartering Act

A

Requested by Sir Thomas Cage. Requested to quarter troops in private homes. They mainly quartered them in public buildings which was usually in cities. This solved no problems for the British colonies.

76
Q

Artisan

A

Skilled laborer who works with their hands. They usually owned their own shops for goods.

77
Q

Virtual Representation

A

English concept that members of parliament represented the empire, not just a local colony. Settlers were represented in the same way that no voting subjects in Britain were represented.

78
Q

Upheaval in America

A

England’s civil wars are what brought political and economic collapse to the colonies. Indians took advantage during this war. War broke out there as well which brought acts to come soon.