Midterm II: Mix of Relevant Old Cards Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
So I just slapped this deck together from old cards…
I briefly went over them and deleted the most useless ones… some are probably still not relevant to this midterm… delete whatever you want.
A
OK
2
Q
3, 4
A
3: Median Thyrohyoidal Ligament
4: Lateral Thyrohyoidal Ligament
3
Q
5
a & b
A
5: Superior Laryngeal Nerve
a: Internal Branch (laryngeal mucosa above vestibular fold)
b: External Branch (-> cricothyroid muscle)
4
Q
6
origin and insertion
A
Cricothyroid Muscle
Origin: anterior surface of the arch of the cricoid
Insertion: either on the wing of the thyroid on inferior horn of the thyroid
5
Q
8
A
Cricoid Cartilage
Ring shaped, with the lamina laying posteriorly, on the upper edge of lamina 2 articular surfaces for Arytenoid cartilage. On the lateral surface articular surface for the inferior horn of thyroid cartilage.
Hyaline
6
Q
5c
A
Superior Laryngeal Artery
From: superior thyroid artery, (of external carotid artery)
Enters the larynx through the thyrohyoid membrane
Supplies muscles and mucous membranes in the superior portion of the larynx
7
Q
10
A
Superior Thyroidal Artery
From the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland.
Distributes to the muscles and to the thyroid gland
Other branches:
- Infrahyoid,
- Superior Laryngeal,
- Sternocleidomastoidal
- Cricothyroid.
8
Q
12
A
Isthmus of Thyroid
9
Q
13
A
Pyramidal Process of Thyroid
10
Q
14
A
Thyroglossal Ligament
remnant of thyroglossal duct
11
Q
18
A
Lingual Artery
12
Q
6
A
Corniculate Cartilage
13
Q
7 and 8 (and what type of connection for 8?)
A
7: Arytenoid Cartilage
8: Cricoarytenoid Joint (Pivot type with 1 vertical axis)
14
Q
9 (it’s an articulation, what type?)
A
Cricothyroid joint
Hinge type, 1 transverse axis
(#10 below)
15
Q
10 (more specifically)
What is special about this?
A
Posterior Lamina of Cricoid Cartilage
Only complete ring of cartilage in the body
16
Q
1 and 2
(lateral aspect)
A
1: Hyoglossus Muscle
(from G wing and body of Hyoid -> lateral inferior tongue)
2: Hyoid Bone (body)
(also 1 and 2 with anterior aspect below)
17
Q
3, 10, and 5?
A
3: Epiglottis
10: Ary-Epiglottic Fold
5: Superior Horn of Thyroid Cartilage
18
Q
4 and 6?
A
4: Thyrohyoid Membrane
6: Superior Laryngeal Nerve (penetrates the membrane, but does not contribute to the internal laryngeal muscles! its external branch -> Cricothyroid Muscle)
19
Q
24 and 25?
A
24: Cuneiform Cartilage/Tubercle (of Wrisberg)
25: Corniculate Cartilage/Tubercle (of Santorini)
Both are cartilages enveloped by the Ary-Epiglottic Fold that appear as tubercles in the mucosa
20
Q
8, function?
A
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Widens the Rima glottidis (anterior intercartilaginous part). It is the antagonist for lateral cricoarytenoid, and the only muscle that opens.
21
Q
What are the intrinsic muscles of larynx, and what nerve innervates them?
A
Muscles:
- Posterior cricoarytenoid
- Lateral cricoarytenoid
- Inter-arytenoid Muscles (Transverse and Oblique Fibers)
- Thyroarytenoid
- Vocalis
- Thyroepiglottic
- Aryepiglottic
*Cricothyroid is technically an external laryngeal muscle but is often lumped with intrinsic muscles
All muscles innervated by Inferior Laryngeal Nerve (from Recurrent/Vagus X) except Cricothyroid (Superior Laryngeal, External Branch, Vagus X)
22
Q
7, function?
A
Transverse Arytenoid Fibers (Inter-Arytenoid Muscle)
Narrows Posterior Intercartilaginous Part of Rima Glottidis
23
Q
Red shaded-area
Function?
A
Oblique Fibers (Inter-Arytenoid Muscle)
(the fibers crossing each other between the posterior surfaces of the 2 Arytenoid cartilages)
Narrows the posterior intercartilaginous part of Rima Glottidis
24
Q
22
Function?
A
Cricothyroid Muscle
Tenses the vocal folds by tilting the thyroid cartilage via the Cricothyroid joint. Controls the rough tension of the voice
Unlike the other muscles, innervated by Superior Laryngeal Nerve
25
21
**Thyrohyoid Muscle**
Depresses hyoid/elevates larynx
An _*ext*rinsic_ muscle of larynx
26
13 (muscle)
Function?
**Lateral Cricoartytenoid Muscle**
Narrows anterior *interligamental* part of Rima Glottidis
27
19
**Vocal Ligament** (True Vocal Cord)
28
5 and 6
Function?
5: **Thyroarytenoid** Muscle
6: **Vocalis** Muscle
(Not visible in most dissections)
Both of them *constrict* the Rima glottidis, which *shortens and _relaxes_* the vocal folds
29
26
Function?
**Aryepiglottic Muscle**
*Lowers* the epiglottis, therefore assists in *_narrowing the entrance_* to larynx
30
Teal space
What are its borders?
**Quadrangular Membrane**
Borders:
* Inferiorly: vestibular ligament/fold (free edge)
* Superiorly: Aryepiglottic Fold (also free)
* Anterior: lateral edge of epiglottis (fixed)
* Posterior: Arytenoid Cartilages (fixed)
31
Light Green space
What are its borders?
**Triangular Membrane/Conus Elasticus:** arises from the inner surface of the cricoid arch.
## Footnote
(most sources, but not Semmelweis ones, seem to call this the *Cricovocal Membrane*)
Borders:
* Anterior: Median Cricothyroid (*Conicate*) Ligament
* Superior: Vocal Ligament (True Vocal Cord) - free edge
* Lateral: ~oblique line following the superior border of the cricoid cartilage (which is taller in the posterior lamina than its anterior arch)
32
51
**_Median_ Sulcus of Tongue**
(don't get it confused with Media**l** Sulcus)
33
45, what type of papillae?
Filiform Papillae
34
52, what type of papillae?
Fungiform Papillae
35
53, what type of papillae?
**Foliate Papillae**
* Short vertical folds
* Present on each side of the tongue
36
54, what type of papillae?
**(Circum)vallate papilla**
* Dome-shaped structures
* Vary in number from eight to twelve
* Situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis
37
55
What two parts does it divide?
What are the embryological origins of this divison?
**Sulcus Terminalis** (Terminal Sulcus)
* V-Shaped division of Anterior 2/3 (_Papillary/Oral Part_) and Posterior 1/3 (_Follicular/Pharyngeal Part_) of Tongue
* Anterior 2/3 originates from 1st Pharyngeal Arch, Posterior 1/3 originates from 3rd Pharyngeal Arch
38
46
What embryological structure is this a remnant of?
**Foramen Cecum**
* Medial depression from which the groove of the *terminal sulcus* runs laterally
* Remnant of the _Thyroglossal Duct_ in thyroid gland development
39
48
Palatine Tonsil
40
49
**Vallecula of Epiglottis**
* Depression behind tongue, before epiglottis
* Two of them, situated between _Median_ and _Lateral Glossopepiglottic Folds_
41
56
What type of tissue?
**Epiglottis**
* _Elastic_ Cartilage
42
50
Vestibule of Larynx
43
57
Greater Horn of Hyoid
44
What are the 4 _intrinsic_ muscles of the tongue?
1. **Superior longitudinal**: curls tip and side superiorly
2. **Inferior longitudinal**: curls tip inferiorly
3. **Transversus**: narrows and elongates tongue
4. **Verticalis**: flattens and broadens tongue
45
What are the 4 _extrinsic_ muscles of the tongue?
1. **_Genioglossus_**: Depression of tongue (more anterior fibers) and protracting the tongue outside the oral cavity (posterior fibers, only muscle that protracts tongue!)
* Origin: Mental spine (superior part)
* Insertion: fans out from apex to the root of tongue
2. **_Hyoglossus_**: depresses and retracts tongue backwards
* Origin: greater horn of hyoid + body of hyoid
* Insertion: lateral side and inferior surface of tongue
3. **_Styloglossus_**: pulls the tip backward, and pulls the whole tongue upwards & backwards
* Origin: styloid process + stylohyoid ligament
* Insertion: side up to the anterior aspect of tongue
4. **_Palatoglossus_**: Elevates posterior part of tongue
* Origin: palatine aponeurosis (soft palate)
* Insertion: side of tongue
46
What are the different parts of the tongue? (5 things, not including division between anterior 2/3 vs posterior 1/3)
- _Body:_ most of the tongue
- _Apex:_ the tip, important in phonetics
- _Root_: base, not visible when tongue is intact
- _Dorsum_ (back): the surface of the tongue that shows if you stick your tongue out
- _Inferior surface_: has the frenulum, deep ligual vein and fimbriated fold
47
What is the _general_ _sensory_ innervation of the tongue?
What differs between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
General (*not taste*) Sensory innervation:
* Anterior 2/3: **Lingual nerve**, branch of mandibular nerve (CN-V3)
* Posterior 1/3: **Glossopharyngeal nerve** (CN-IX)
48
What is the _taste sensory_ innervation of the tongue?
What differs between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
Taste sensation:
* Anterior 2/3: Chorda tympani nerve, branch of Facial nerve (CN-VII)
* \*\* But the Circumvallate papillae, located at the border, are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN-IX)
* Posterior 1/3 (Postsulcal): Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN-IX)
49
What is the contribution of the _Vagus_ nerve to the innevation of the tongue and surrounding structures?
Vagus nerve (CN-X): innervates the tongue from its base, until the epiglottis (folds and Valleculae)
Innervates _Palatoglossus_ Muscle
50
Green Line
Median Glossoepiglottic Fold
51
Green line
Lateral Glossoepiglottic Fold
52
12, 10, and 13
12: Palatopharyngeus Muscle
10: Superior Constrictor Muscle of Pharynx
13: Palatoglossus Muscle
53
5 (divided) ?
4 ?
5: Genioglossus
4: Geniohyoid
54
What main artery supplies blood to the tongue (with 3 branches discussed in another card)
What artery does it come from?
What 2 triangles does it pass through on its way to the tongue?
The **Lingual Artery** perfuses the tongue
(#12 in image below)
It is the 2nd branch of the **External Carotid Artery**
Passes through **Pirogoff** and **Beclard** Triangles
55
What are the 3 main branches of the Lingual Artery?
To which areas do they supply blood?
1. **Dorsal lingual arteries**: supplies posterior part and palatine tonsils
2. **Deep lingual artery**: supplies the anterior part, the anastomosis between the right and the left end-branch of the deep lingual artery is called the Beclard or Ranine anastomosis
3. **Sublingual artery**: supplies floor of mouth and sublingual glands
56
What course do the veins of the tongue take?
All veins run *_parallel to the arteries_* and drain into **Internal Jugular Vein**
The _apical veins_ of the tongue are seen very well on both sides of the *frenulum* on the inferior surface of the tongue, forming the *fimbriated folds*
\*Thin mucosa and large vasculature allow for quick drug absorption via sublingual route
57
Yellow and Green Arrows
Yellow: **_Lingual Frenulum_**: Midline of inferior tongue. Formed by mucus membrane, immediately lateral to it are depressions called _Lingual Valleculae_
Green: **_Plica Fimbriata / Fimbriated Fold_**: lateral folds of mucus membrane on inferior tongue ("Fimbria" = "Fringe" in Latin)
58
Green Arrows
What are the depressions around it?
**Sublingual Caruncula,** which is the opening of _Submandibular Gland_
Depressions on either side of the frenulum are the _Lingual Valleculae_
59
Arrows and yellow-dotted circles
Arrows: _Wharton's (or Sub*mandibular*) Duct_ (opens into mouth at the *Sublingual Caruncle*)
Yellow-dotted circles: _Sub*lingual* Gland_
60
What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity and their borders?
1. _Vestibule_: space between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/gums. Superiorly/inferiorly the borders are reflections of the mucosa
2. _Oral Cavity Proper_: space between the dental arches and the Isthmus of Fauces
61
Arrow
_Labial Frenulum_
There are 2: an upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular)
62
A, B, C, & D
A, **Palatoglossal fold**
B, **Palatopharyngeal fold**
C, _Palatine tonsil_
D, Uvula
63
1, 2, 3
1: Parotid Gland
2: Submandibular Gland
3: Sublingual Gland
64
What nerve innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for which muscle? And which nerve for that exception?
All muscles are innervated by the **Hypoglossal Nerve**
Except *_Palatoglossus_* which is innervated by the **Pharyngeal Plexus** of the _Vagus_ (CN X)
65
What are the borders of the oral cavity?
* *Superior* (Roof): _Hard & Soft Palates_
* *Inferior* (Floor): _Mylohyoid_ and _Geniohyoid_ muscles
* *Lateral*: _teeth arches_ (cavity proper) or the _cheeks_ (the whole oral cavity)
* *Anterior*: _lips_
* *Posterior*: _Isthmus of Fauces_
66
1 and 2
What is the midline of #1 called?
What is the name for #1 when referring to the pair of this muscle?
1. **Mylohyoid** Muscle
* Midline = _Mylohyoid Raphe_
* Paired structure = _Oral Diaphragm_
2. **Geniohyoid** Muscle
67
List the _oral_ muscles of facial expression.
(Just those around the mouth... not nasal or eye)
Ooh Boy 2 Zebras Really Like Licking Dandelions Down My Pants
* ****_O_**rbicularis **_O_**ris**
* **Buccinator**
* ****_Z_**ygomaticus Major**
* **Zygomaticus Minor**
* ****_R_**isorius**
* ****_L_**evator Labii Superioris**
* ****_L_**evator Anguli Oris**
* ****_D_**epressor Anguli Oris**
* ****_D_**epressor Labii Inferioris**
* ****_M_**entalis**
* ****_P_**latysma**
68
What are the connections of the orbit?
Only For a FEE I Now Slap Zebras
* Only - Optic Canal \> scala media
* For - Inferior Orbital Fissure \> pt. fossa and inf.temp. fos
* F - Superior Orbital Fissure \> scala media
* E - Posterior Ethmoidal Foramen \> post. eth. air cells
* E - Anterior Ethmoidal Foramen \> ant. eth. air cells
* I - Infraorbital Canal \> face (canine fossa)
* N - Nasolacrimal Canal \> nasal cavity
* S - Supraorbital Formen/Notch \> frontal region
* Z - Zygomatico-orbital Canal \> zygomatico-facial + zygomaticotemporal foramina (face/temporal fossa)
69
What are the connections of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Real Pterydactophiles Speak Freely of Groping Pterodactyls
* R - Foramen Rotundum \> scala media
* Pt - Pterygoid Canal \> ext. base of skull
* Sp - Sphenopalatine Foramen \> nasal cavity
* F - Inferior Orbital Fissure \> orbit
* Gr - Greater Palatine Foramen \> oral cavity
* Pt - Pterygomaxillary Fissure \> inf.temp. fossa
70
What are the connections of the infratemporal fossa?
Four Old Pterodactyls Spied Perching
* F - Inferior Orbital Fissure \> orbit
* O - Foramen Ovale \> scala media
* Pt - Pterygomaxillary Fissure \> pt.p fossa
* Spi - Foramen Spinosum \> scala media
* Pe - Petrotympanic Fissure \> facial canal
71
**Sternohyoid**
1. Arises:
o Posterior surface of the manubrium
o Sternal end of clavicle
2. Inserted:
o Inner surface of hyoid bone
3. Innervation:
o Cervical ansa of the cervical plexus
72
**Omohyoid**
Inferior belly
1. Arises:
o Superior margin of scapula, adjacent to the
scapular notch
2. Inserted:
o Intermediate tendon
3. Innervation:
o Cervical ansa of the cervical plexus
Superior belly:
1. Arises:
o Intermediate tendon
2. Inserted:
o Body of the hyoid bone
3. Innervation:
o Cervical ansa of the cervical plexus
73
**Sternothyroid**
1. Arises:
o Posterior surface of manubrium
2. Inserted:
o Thyroid cartilage
3. Innervation:
o Cervical ansa of the cervical plexus
74
**Thyrohyoid**
Is a continuation of the sternothyroid.
1. Arises:
o Thyroid cartilage
Marius
2. Inserted:
o Body of the hyoid bone
3. Innervation:
o Ventral ramus of C1
75
what is this muscle group and what is the function of their movement?
**Infrahyoid muscles**
Move thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone together
Pull hyoid bone and the laryngeal cartilages downward
Together with the suprahyoid muscles they bend the head forward with mouth
closed
The omohyoid muscle prevents pressure on the large underlying vein and
assists in opening the mouth and in flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of the
head
76
what is this muscle group?
**suprahyoid muscles:**
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
77
**Stylohyoid**
1. Arises:
o Styloid process of the temporal bone
2. Inserted:
o Body of the hyoid bone by a split tendon (split by the
digastric muscle)
3. Movement:
o Elevated the hyoid bone (during swallowing)
o Assist in opening the mandible
4. Innervation:
o Facial nerve
78
**Mylohyoid**
1. Arises:
o Mylohyoid line of the mandible
2. Inserted:
o Body of the hyoid bone by a median tendon of
insertion (mylohyoid raphe)
3. Movement:
o Tightens and elevates the oral floor
o Draws the hyoid bone forward (during
swallowing)
o Assist in opening the mandible and moving it
from side to side
4. Innervation:
o Mylohyoid nerve (from the mandibular nerve)
79
**Geniohyoid**
1. Arises:
o Mental spine
2. Inserted:
o Body of the hyoid bone
3. Movement:
o Draws the hyoid bone forward (during
swallowing)
o Assist in opening the mandible
4. Innervation:
o Ventral ramus of C1
80
**Anterior and Posterior Bellies of Digastric Muscle**
_Posterior belly_
1. Arises:
o Mastoid notch (medial to the mastoid process)
2. Inserted:
o Intermediate tendon, into the hyoid bone
3. Movement:
o Elevates the hyoid bone (during swallowing)
o Assist in opening the mandible
4. Innervation:
o Facial nerve
_Anterior belly_
1. Arises:
o Digastric fossa of the mandible
2. Inserted:
o Intermediate tendon, into the hyoid bone
3. Movement:
o Elevates the hyoid bone (during swallowing)
o Assist in opening the mandible
4. Innervation:
o Mylohyoid nerve (from the mandibular nerve)
81
**Sternocleidomastoid**
superficial neck muscle
1. Arises:
o Sternal head:
• Manubrium of the sternum
o Clavicular head:
• Medial third of the clavicle
2. Inserted:
o Mastoid process and superior nuchal line
3. Movement:
o Individually:
Marius
• Tilts head to the same side
• Rotates head to the opposite side
o Together:
• Ventral flexion of the head
4. Innervation:
o Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)
82
(broad muscular area)
**Platysma**
The platysma is a broad, flat, subcutaneous muscular sheet.
1. Arises:
o Below the clavicle, from the pectoral fascia
2. Inserted:
o Medial fibers:
• Into the mandible
o Lateral fibers:
• Joins the muscles around the mouth
3. Movement:
o Tenses the skin
o Can move the lower lip and the corners of the mouth down
4. Innervation:
o Facial nerve
83
triangles of the neck: A, B and C
A mandible
B hyoid
C clavicle
84
triangles of the neck: D
trapezius muscle
85
triangles of the neck: E
sternocleidomastoid
86
triangles of the neck: F
**omohyoid muscle**
runs deeper than sternocleidomastoid
87
triangles of the neck: G
**posterior belly of digastric**
88
triangles of the neck: H
**anterior belly of digastric**
89
triangles of the neck: 1
anterior triangle
90
triangles of the neck: 2
**_posterior triangle_**
contains _Erb's Point_ aka punctum nervosum, where 6 nerves meet. Injury to this area results in paralysis of arm muscles
91
triangles of the neck: 3
**_muscular triangle_**
aka inferior carotid triangle
- infrahyoid muscles
- thyroid gland
92
triangles of the neck: 4
**_submental triangle_**
- submental lymph nodes
- small veins
93
triangles of the neck: 5
**_occipital triangle_**
aka omotrapezoid triangle
- external jugular vein
- brachial plexus
- cervical plexus
- spinal accessory nerve
94
triangles of neck: 6
**_supraclavicular triangle_**
aka subclavian triangle or omoclavicular triangle
- subclavian artery and vein
- suprascapular artery
- usually some lymph glands
95
triangles of neck: 7
**_submandibular triangle_**
aka digastric triangle
- facial artery and vein
- submandibular glands
- lymph nodes
- mylohyoid nerve
96
triangles of neck: 8
**_carotid triangle_**
contains _carotid sheath_: internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve
- hypoglossal n
- ansa cervicalis
- accessory nerve
97
which fascia is in red?
**_superficial lamina of (or investing layer of) deep cervical fascia_**
surrounds the neck like a collar, it splits around the sternocleidomastoid muscles and the trapezius muscles. Posteriorly (towards the back of the neck), it blends with ligamentum nuchae.
(1 out of 3 deep cervical layers)
98
which fascia is in blue?
which is in purple?
what do they make together?
**_blue = visceral pretracheal cervical fascia_**
- extends medially in front of the carotid vessels, and assists in forming the carotid sheath
- fixed to the hyoid bone
- encloses the thyroid
**_purple = muscular pretracheal cervical fascia_**
together they make up the **_middle cervical fascia**_ part of the _**deep cervical fascia_**
99
what is the fascia in orange?
**_prevertebral deep cervical fascia_**
-the "deep lamina" of the deep cervical fascia
Forms a tubular sheath for the vertebral column and muscles associated with it
(longus capitis, longus colli anteriorly) (scalene laterally) (deep cervical muscles
posteriorly)
Superiorly it's fixed to the cranial base
Inferiorly it blends with the endothoracic fascia peripherally, and the anterior
longitudinal ligament centrally at Th-3 vertebra level
Laterally it extends as the axillary sheath, enclosing the axillary vessels & brachial
plexus
100
what is the structure in brown?
**_carotid sheath_**
borders blend with _prevertebral cervical fascia_ and _pretracheal cervical fascia_
contains:
* common carotid artery*
* internal jugular vein*
* vagus nerve*
101
what is the layer _external_ to the _red_ line?
**superficial cervical fascia**
- *not to be confused with superficial lamina of deep cervical fascia!*
- lies between the dermis of the skin and the deep cervical fascia.
- contains the platysma, cutaneous nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels.
- also contains a varying amount of fat, which is its distinguishing characteristic.
- technically not really even fascia
102
What is this? What does it connect?
**Temporomandibular Ligament**
- zygomatic arch to condylar process of mandible
103
What are the movements of the TMJ?
1. raising and lowering jaw
2. protrusion and retraction
3. side-to-side movement (grinding)
4. combined movements = chewing
104
What is the axis of the TMJ?
Why is the location of its axis significant?
- a transverse axis through the mandibular lingula
- the lingula is a site of entry for a nerve into the mandible and since no movement happens at the axis, this is a safe place for it
105
What kind of joint is the TMJ?
2 terms...
**Condyloid Synovial Joint**
and/or
**Ginglymoarthrodial Joint**
(ginglymus = hinge
arthrodial = sliding)
106
The jaw opens via two movements of the TMJ.
What are they?
How much opening does each movement result in?
**Hinge-like rotation** - opens the first 20 mm or so
**Forward/downward translation/gliding** - the next 20-30 mm
107
What lines the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa?
**fibrocartilage**
108
**Lateral Pterygoid**
## Footnote
**COURSE:**
- runs from greater wing of sphenoid + pterygoid plate to condyloid process of mandible
**ACTIONS:**
- opens mouth/depresses mandible
- protrudes and moves mandible side-to-side
109
**Medial Pterygoid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of palatine + maxillary tuberosity \> medial mandibular angle
ACTION:
- elevates mandible
- helps lateral pterygoid with grinding
110
**Masseter**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- zygomatic arch (deep) + maxilla (superficial) \> coronoid process/ramus of mandible
ACTION:
- closes/elevates mandible
- protracts jaw
111
**Temporalis**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- temporal lines \> coronoid process of mandible
ACTION:
- elevates mandible
- retracts mandible
112
What is the articular disc of the TMJ made of?
**fibrocartilage**
113
Name the numbers.
4 and 6 are the two separate joints
1. **Temporal Bone** (Petrous Part)
2. **Mandibular Fossa**
3. **Articular Disc** (fibrocartilage)
4. **Discotemporal Joint**
5. **Articular Capsule**
6. **Discomandibular Joint**
7. **Head of Mandible**
8. **Articular Tubercle**
114
What are the two separate joints of the TMJ called?
**discotemporal** - btwn disc and mandibular fossa, responsible for translational gliding
**discomandibular** - btwn disc and head of mandible, responsible for hinge-like rotation
115
What are the muscles of mastication?
1. **masseter**
2. **temporalis**
3. **medial pterygoid**
4. **lateral pterygoid**
116
What innervates all the muscles of mastication?
3rd division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) known as the **mandibular nerve**
117
**mylohyoid**
- oral diaphragm... floor of oral cavity
COURSE:
- mylohyoid line of mandible \> body of hyoid
ACTION:
- raises oral cavity floor
- elevates hyoid
- elevates tongue
- depresses mandible
INNERVATION:
- mylohyoid branch of mandibular nerve
118
**Geniohyoid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- inferior mental spine of mandible \> hyoid bone
ACTION:
- carry hyoid bone and tongue up during swallowing
INNERVATION:
- deep cervical ansa
119
Identify both parts.
**Digastric Muscle**
**Anterior Belly:**
* digastric fossae \> intermediate tendon on hyoid
* elevates hyoid or opens mouth if hyoid held in place by infrahyoids
* inn. by _myloid branch_ of mandibular
**Posterior Belly:**
* mastoid process of temporal \> int. tendon on hyoid
* inn. by _facial nerve_ (CN VII)
120
**Stylohyoid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- styloid process of temporal \> greater horn of hyoid
ACTION:
- elevate hyoid during swallowing
INNERVATION:
- facial nerve (CN VII)
121
Identify the numbered items.
What is this group of muscles known as?
**Suprahyoid Muscles**
1. **hyoid bone**
2. **mylohoid** (oral diaphragm, middle layer)
3. **geniohyoid** (deepest)
4. **digastric** (anterior belly, most superficial layer)
5. **stylohyoid** (most superficial layer)
6. **digastric** (posterior belly, most superficial layer)
122
What is this muscle group called?
Identify all numbered items.
**Infrahyoids**
1. **thyroid cartilage** (of larnyx)
2. **thyroid gland**
3. **thyrohyoid**
4. **omohyoid** (superior belly)
5. **omohyoid** (inferior belly)
6. **sternothyroid**
7. **sternohyoid**
8. **sternum** (manubrium)
9. **oblique line** (where thyrohyoid & sternothyroid meet)
10. **intermediate tendon** btwn omohyoid bellies
123
**thyrohyoid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- thyroid cartilage \> hyoid bone
ACTION:
- elevates thyroid and depresses hyoid
124
Identify both parts.
**Omohyoid**
## Footnote
**-** two bellies: superior and inferior
COURSE:
- superior transverse scapular ligament \> hyoid bone
ACTION:
- depresses larynx and hyoid
- carries hyoid backward and to the side
125
**Sternothyroid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- manubrium \> thyroid cartilage
ACTION:
- depresses thyroid cartilage
126
**Sternohyoid**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- manubrium \> hyoid
ACTION:
- depresses hyoid
127
What is 1?
What does it contain?
**Submandibular Triangle**
- contains submandibular gland and facial artery
128
What is 2?
What does it contain?
**submental triangle**
- contains lymph nodes
129
What is 3?
What covers it?
What does it contain?
**Carotid Triangle**
- covered by carotid sheath
- contains common, external (medial) and internal (lateral) carotid artery
as well as internal jugular vein
130
What is 4?
What does it contain?
**omoclavicular triangle**
- contains the brachial plexus and sublclavian artery
131
What is 5?
What does it contain?
**Omotrapezoid Triangle**
- cervical plexus
132
What is 6?
What does it contain?
**Medial Cervical Region**
- contains infrahyoids, larynx, thyroid
133
What are 7 through 11?
7. mastoid process
8. anterior belly, digastric
9. posterior belly, digastric
10. sternal head, sternocleidomastoid
11. clavicular head, sternocleidomastoid
134
What is 16?
**lesser supraclavicular fossa**
- between the 2 heads of the sternocleidomastoid
135
What are 12 through 14?
12. superior belly, omohyoid
13. inferior belly, omohyoid
14. trapezius
136
What are 15 and 17?
15. facial artery
17. submandibular gland
137
What nerve innervates all the infrahyoids?
**deep cervical ansa**
138
What function does the tendinous part of the omohyoid play and how?
it keeps the internal jugular vein lumen open by connecting to the carotid sheath covering the carotid triangle
139
**Galea Aponeurotica**
aka epicranial aponeurosis
140
**Occipitofrontalis**
frontal belly
- raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
141
**Occipitofrontalis**
- occipital belly
- draws back scalp
142
What is the cut and reflected muscle shown here?
**Temporoparietalis**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- galea aponeurotica \> auricular cartilage
ACTION:
- assists frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
- tenses temporal fascia
- assists auricular muscles
143
What is the highlighted muscle?
Its 3 parts?
**Orbicularis Oculi**
PARTS:
1. **orbital** (surrounding eyelid)
2. **palpebral** (eyelid)
3. **lacrimal** (AKA Horner's) (deep, medial, crossed fibers attached to posterior lacrimal crest)
COURSE:
1. **orbital**: circularly around eye, attached to palebral ligament medially
2. **palpebral**: circularly on eyelid, attached to palp. lig.
3. **lacrimal**: post. lacrimal crest \> orbital and palpebral parts
ACTION:
- closes eyelids
144
**Corrugator Supercilii**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- glabella + supraorbital margin \> eyebrow skin
(penetrates orb. oculi and occ.frontalis)
ACTION:
- wrinkles forehead
145
#9
**Procerus**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- fascia over nose \> skin just above glabella
ACTION:
- frowning (draws down medial angle of eyebrow)
146
10 and 11
two parts of one muscle
**Nasalis**
10. **transverse (compressor naris)** - compresses nostrils
* above/lateral to incisive fossa \> aponeurosis on bridge of nose
11. **alar (dilator nasalis)** - dilates nostrils
* maxilla over lateral incisor \> greater alar cartilage
147
#12
**Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- nasal bone \> nostril and upper lip
ACTION:
- dilate nostril
- elevate upper lip and wing of nose
148
#1
**orbicularis oris**
## Footnote
- not a simple sphincter, has multiple parts with fibers in different directions
COURSE:
- maxilla & mandible \> skin around the lips
ACTION:
- closes mouth and puckers lips
149
#2
**buccinator**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- molar alveolar processes & pterygomandibular raphe (3) \> angle of mouth
(forms lateral wall of oral vestibule)
ACTION:
- compresses cheeks against teeth
- assists mastication and suckling (neonates)
- blowing, laughing, crying, expresses satisfaction
150
#4
**Zygomaticus Major**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- anterior zygomatic \> modiolus (chiasma of mouth muscles at corners of mouth)
ACTION:
- draws angle of mouth up and lateral
- laughter/pleasure
151
#5
**zygomaticus minor**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- zygomatic \> nasolabial groove
ACTION:
- elevates upper lip
152
#6
**risorius**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- masseteric fascia \> angle of mouth (modiolus)
ACTION:
- draws angle of mouth back
- laughing, expression of "action"
- AKA laughing muscles
153
#7
**levator labii superioris**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- infraorbital margin \> skin of upper lip
ACTION:
- elevates upper lip
154
#8
**Levator Anguli Oris**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- maxilla (below inf.orb. foramen) \> modiolus
ACTION:
- elevates angle of mouth
- smile, self-confidence
155
#9
**depressor anguli oris**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- tubercle of mandible \> modiolus
ACTION:
- depresses angle of mouth
- frowning, sadness
156
#10
**depressor labii inferioris**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- oblique line of mandible \> skin of lower lip, orb. oris fibers
ACTION:
- depresses lower lip
- expression of perseverance
157
#11 (bottom)
**mentalis**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- alveolar jugum \> chin (mental tubercle)
ACTION:
- elevates chin, wrinkles skin
- protrudes lower lip
- expression of doubt and indecision
158
#12
**platysma**
## Footnote
COURSE:
- _skin of neck_ (supra/infraclavicular regions) \> _facial region_ (cheek, mandible, modiolus, orb. oris)
ACTION:
- draws corners of mouth down, widens mouth
- expressions of fright or sadness
159
What special muscle can be responsible for the formation of a double chin?
What is it part of?
**transversus menti**
- specialization of depressor anguli oris
160
What are the muscles of facial expression called as a whole?
**mimetic muscles**
161
What are ALL mimetic muscles innervated by?
**facial nerve (CN VII)**
162
What are the mimetic muscles of the scalp?
1. Occipitofrontalis
2. Temporoparietalis
163
What are the mimetic muscles of the eye?
1. Orbicularis Oculi
2. Corrugator Supercilii
164
What are the mimetic muscles of the nose?
1. Procerus
2. Nasalis (transerve and alar)
3. Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
165
What are the mimetic muscles of the mouth?
OOB2ZRLLDDMP
**_Oo_**h **_B_**oy _2_ **_Z_**ebras **_R_**eally **_L_**ike **_L_**icking **_D_**andelions **_D_**own **_M_**y **_P_**ants
1. Orbicularis Oculi
2. Buccinator
3. Zygomaticus Major
4. Zygomatics Minor
5. Risorius
6. Levator Labii Superioris
7. Levator Anguli Oris
8. Depressor Anguli Oris
9. Depressor Labii Inferioris
10. Mentalis
11. Platysma
