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bisc 1005 > midterm key terms > Flashcards

midterm key terms Flashcards

1
Q

microbiome

A

human body consists of multiple organisms (gut bacteria). microbiomes exist everywhere

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled, simplistic structure and function, bacteria live everywhere, archaea live in mainly extreme environments

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3
Q

eukaryotes

A

single celled or multicellular, complex internal structures and functions, more limited environments

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4
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

a large eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryote

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5
Q

biotic factors

A

living factors in an ecosystem

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6
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving factors in an ecosystem

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7
Q

autotroph

A

make their own food

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8
Q

heterotroph

A

eats others as food; primary, secondary, tertiary, and consumers

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9
Q

producers

A

make their own food

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10
Q

consumers

A

have to ingest food

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11
Q

competition

A

+/+ both species are harmed

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12
Q

exploitation

A

+/- one species benefits, & other is harmed

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13
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 where one species benefits at no cost to the other

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14
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ both species benefit

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15
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

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16
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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17
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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19
Q

food chain

A

smaller links grass-> humans

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20
Q

food web

A

larger links; many species

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21
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

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22
Q

mutation

A

changes in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome, resulting in changes in the organism

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23
Q

gene flow

A

genetic exchange between population

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24
Q

endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharides; structural molecules only released into the host if the bacterial cell dies

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25
Q

exotoxins

A

mostly proteins which are produced and secreted mainly as a defense

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26
Q

pickling

A

acidic vinegar kills microbes

27
Q

preserving

A

sugar prevents microbial growth

28
Q

canning

A

food is heated then sealed

29
Q

drying

A

nothing grows without water

30
Q

salting

A

high salinity kills microbes

31
Q

preservatives

A

chemicals kill microbes

32
Q

green algae

A

no adaptations for land, can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial, often have both asexual and sexual means of reproduction

33
Q

bryophytes

A

the first land plants, found in moist environments, surface is covered in waxy coating to prevent water loss, absorb water by diffusion, no true

34
Q

ferns

A

surface covered in waxy coating, absorb water through roots, xylem & phloem found throughout plant for nutrient transport

35
Q

gymnosperms

A

gymnos (naked) sperma (seeds), most ancient seed bearing vascular plants, typically evergreen, roots and stomates present

36
Q

angiosperms (flowering plants)

A

angio (container) sperma (seeds)- seeds enclosed in fruits, flowering plants, very commercially important, stomata, true roots

37
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers occur on a single plant

38
Q

dioecious

A

male and female flowers occur on two separate plants

39
Q

photosynthesis

A

autotrophs produce their own food ultimate product= glucose
1. light dependent
2. light independent

40
Q

light dependent reactions

A

take place in thylakoids, products: ATP, NADPH, & Oxygen

41
Q

light independent reactions

A

Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma, carbon dioxide becomes glucose through carbon fixation

42
Q

homologous structures

A

characteristics present in the ancestral organism, that have been modified over time

43
Q

analogous structures

A

characteristics with similar functions that evolved independently not from a common ancestor

44
Q

cellular respiration

A

production of energy in organisms at the cellular level

45
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen is present; heterotrophs consume glucose and need to break it down; autotrophs run both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

46
Q

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

A

oxygen is absent, ATP is made (IDLY)

47
Q

glycolysis

A

occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cell’s cytoplasm; glucose is split in half-> 2 pyruvate molecules (2 ATP molecules are created)

48
Q

krebs cycle

A

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, 2 pyruvate are broken down & its protons/ electrons are used to make NADH and FADH

49
Q

electron transport chain

A

the stage with the highest energy production

50
Q

atp synthase

A

creates adp-> atp using protons removed from fadh

51
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen: production of bread/ alcohol
fermentation: lactic acid, ethanol fermentation

52
Q

alcohol respiration

A

in yeast cells, cells switch to alcohol fermentation. in bread-making the ethanol produced typically evaporates and the co2 creates holes in bread

53
Q

lactic acid respiration

A

in humans our cells switch to lactic acid fermentation; production of lactate and nad+

54
Q

macromolecules

A

polymers, repetitive arrangements of small organic molecules called monomers

55
Q

monomer

A

smallest version

56
Q

polymer

A

multiple/ large versions of the biological molecule

57
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides have molecular formula that are multiples of ch20; glucose is most common monosaccharide

58
Q

lipids

A

steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids

59
Q

saturated fats

A

common in meat/ saturated by single bonds between H-C on the molecule

60
Q

unsaturated fats

A

common in plants/ unsaturated because they have 1 or more double bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms on the chain

61
Q

cholesterol

A

HDL= good cholesterol
LDL= bad cholesterol

62
Q

hydrogenation

A

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

63
Q

nucleic acids

A

monomer= nucleic acids (acts)
polymer= dna or rna

64
Q

proteins

A

monomer= amino acid
polymer= protein
4 levels of structure= amino acid chain, beta pleated sheet, folding of polypeptide chain, multiple peptides

bisc 1005 (2 decks)

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