Midterm - Lecture Flashcards

Question

What is a primitive trait?

Answer 1

A Plesiomorphy (ancestral state) ex. HAIR

Answer 2

Apomorphy! - a new trait that is not present in the ancestral taxon ex. Bipedalism in Hominins

Answer 3

- Forward facing eyes - opposable thumbs - nails - reduced reliance on olfaction -post-orbital closure - Big brains relative to body size - Dental Formulas with a reduction in incisors (2.1.2.3 or 2.1.3.3)

Answer 4

An ancesteral character traiT 5 fingers generalized skeleton hair retained clavicle

Answer 5

A shared primitive trait "-mplesio-" - not helpful in creating cladograms

Answer 6

Shared derived trait "napomor" - helpful in creating cladograms Rare (Large brains, arboreality, social behaviours etc. but characterize MOST primates)

Answer 7

Convergence evolutions in traits not shared ancestry, but it was evolved

Answer 8

1) Hands and Feet (nails, opposable) 2) Eyes and Orbits (Vision, Coloured) 3) The Ear (Auditory Bulla) 4) Dental and Postcranial Features Also: dental formula, molar morphology (low profile, expanded talonid), large brains, forward facing eyes, arboreality

Answer 9

They all have postorbital bars Higher Primates have postorbital closure which includes a bony cup Non-primate mammals only have postorbital process This is a derived trait!

Answer 10

Auditory Bulla: the structure that houses middle and inner ears BULLA IS AN OUTGROWTH OF THE PETROSAL (temporal) BONE in primates

Answer 11

Ancestral Mammals: 3.1.4.3 Streps and Plats: 2.1.3.3. Catarrhines: 2.1.2.3 Molars have lower crests, there is more crushing rather than cutting

Answer 12

1) Post-orbital bar or closure 2) Middle and inner ear housed in an outgrowth of petrosal bone 3) Opposable 1st digits (on hands and feet) 4) Nails on at least some digits

Answer 13

- Split Nostiles - Long Snout - Post-orbital Bar - Unfused metopic suture (separate L/R frontal bones) - Unfused mandibular symphysis - Ectotympanic ring Tooth Comb - Grooming Claw on second toe bicornate uterus minimal parental care

Answer 14

Unsplit nostrils Dry nose Short Snout Post-orbital closure fused metopic suture (single frontal bone) fused mandibular symphysis (except tarsiers) Ectotympanic tube No tooth-comb No grooming claw Unicornate uterus (except tarsier) extended parental care

Answer 15

Steps - more layers between maternal and fetal blood which decreases transfer rates - placentas are around most of uterus - Bivornuate "two-horned" uterus

Answer 16

Strep features - unfused mandibular symphais and frontal bone - Bicornate uterus - grooming class on 2nd toe Hap features * Dry nose, unfused to upper lip * NEAR postorbital closure * No tooth comb * Hemochorial placenta * No tapetum lucidum Unique tarsier features: * Huge eyes * Specialized ankles – leaping * Another grooming claw on 3rd toe! * Dental formula

Answer 17

Trigon - Paracone - Metacone - Protocone Then the: - Paraconule - Metaconule

Answer 18

Trigonid - Protoconid - Paraconid - Metaconid Talonid Basin - Hypoconid - Hypoconulid - Entoconid

Answer 19

Mesial – toward anterior or mid-sagittal Distal – away from anterior or mid-sagittal Buccal/Labial – toward the cheeks or lips Lingual – toward the tongu

Answer 20

The Protocone / Protoconid

Answer 21

Jaw Joint is a single bone. The jaw bones that were in non-mammals shrunk and moved to the middle ear in mammals Differentiated Teeth - Heterodont (non-mammal, teeth come back) - Diphyodont (2 sets of teeth deciduous and adult) Molar Occlusion (chewing ability) Secondary Bony Palate (separates wind pipe from food pipe) Two Occipital Condyles

Answer 22

The paleocene

Answer 23

- Moves from singular cusped (only protocoled) to TRIBOSPHENIC ('tri' cusped, protocoled, paranoid, metaconid) - Upper molars have basic triangle cusp - Lower molars are triangles and extra teeth on back (how to grind the food efficiently)

Answer 24

The Euarchontoglires - Scandentia (tree shrews) - Dermoptera (colugos) - Rodentia (rats, squirrels, beavers) Lagomorpha (rabbits and ochontids)

Answer 25

Dermoptera ("Flying Lemurs") Scandentia (Tree Shrews) Primates Extincts: Plesiadapiformes

Answer 26

Colugos or Flying Lemurs SE Asia Not diverse. Only two extant genera – Cynocephalus - Philippines – Galeopterus – mainland SE Asia, Borneo, Sumatra Gliders – Best mammalian gliders – Large flaps of skin between legs and tail, but also between fingers – aka ‘mitten glidders’ - Forward facing eyes

Answer 27

* Tooth comb (but not like strepsirhines! Independent) each incisor has a tooth comb * No nails and no opposable hallux (poor climbers) * Incomplete post-orbital bar – Variable between species * Middle ear different from primates (not in Peterus bone)

Answer 28

* Tree Shrews * Southeast Asia * Used to be considered primitive primates * Insectivores and frugivores * Terrestrial and arboreal * Diurnal and nocturnal * About 20 living species Physical Characters: * Post-orbital bar * Middle ear morphology superficially similar to primates (but not a petrosal bulla) * Relatively large brain * Some have binocular vision * Some are arboreal * No nails and no opposable hallux

Answer 29

Think this due to primate ancestors likely being this - Grasping hands and Opposable Hallux - Mobile Shoulders and Hips - Stereoscopic vision - Prehistoric tail Fruit eating?

Answer 30

- More primitive primates live in extreme forested areas - earliest primates likely arboreal Closest relatives are generally arboreal (e.g. dermopterans, some tree shrews) * Many early mammals were arboreal as well SMALL BODY SIZES CONNECTED WITH MOST PRIMITIVE PRIMATE ANCESTORS TOO

Answer 31

* Grasping extremities * Nails instead of claws * Optical convergence * Enhanced vision * Enlarged brains * Arboreal what could have led to these?

Answer 32

* Arboreal Theory * Visual PredationTheory * Angiosperm Radiation Theory * Terminal Branch Theory They are not static so it is hard to test We are talking about Basal primates that look like modern primates Fossils are essential to determine these models!

Answer 33

1920s - argument that primates evolved to live arboreal habitats (most early mammals were this, but primates stayed) - 3D environments with high risks - Grasping hands, stereoscopic vision are assets Problem: other mammals live like this without all primate adaptations and are just as well in trees (ex. squirrels)

Answer 34

1960-70s LEAST ACCEPTED HYPOTHESIS * Primate pattern represents an adaptation to forage for insects in the terminal branches of trees * Based on comparative method – Found similarities to other visual predators (felines, raptors) * Problems: few living primates are visual predators, why primate dental changes if eating insects?

Answer 35

1991: Sussman, COEVOLUTION THEORY * Fruit, flowers (nectar) offered new niches leading to primate specializations * Primates’ roles as pollinators and seed dispersers may have helped spread of flowering trees * Vision for distinguishing fruit in low light, grasping hands for better handling * Problems: flowering plants evolved before primates, early primates not nectar specialists, don’t need acute vision for fruit eating

Answer 36

* Primate specializations evolve to move primates into the fine branches of trees using ‘acrobatic’ movements * Active locomotion in fine branches accounts for: – Grasping hand and feet – Hindlimb dominance – emphasis on vision – forward rotation of the orbits – stereoscopic vision – enlargement of the brain (especially visual cortex) * Applies to both predation and herbivorous diets – Many evolved in sequence

Answer 37

66-56 until about <40 my In North America and Europe (all above the equator

Answer 38

Primate-like Mammals - HIGHLY SIMILAR to primates, but relationship is disputed - Originally considered primates, then placed into own order as sister taxons of Primates - Now many think that some of these Plesiadapiforms are EARLY PRIMATES Most common mammalian group in North America Paleocene

Answer 39

* Very diverse “order” * More than 140 species * 11 families * Large range of body size (from smaller than any living primate to ~ 3 kg) * Diverse dietary adaptations (dental diversity, size diversity) * Locomotor diversity (arboreal, terrestrial, gliding?) * Probably went extinct due to competition from rodents

Answer 40

First things found of them, lots of them Molars are similar to primates - expanded talon basins - unreduced lower m3 - bunodont cusps are dull - low trigonids

Answer 41

* No post-orbital bar * Small brain * Wide zygomatic arches with divergent orbits * Long snouts * Low flat skulls * Petrosal auditory bulla – Long debate due to fragmentary material and fusing of sutures No nails, most retain claws No grasping hallux in most Arboreal majority

Answer 42

Primate similarities: * Bunodont molar cusps * low trigonids and basin- shaped talonids * Petrosal bulla Primate dissimilarities: * no postorbital bar * non-convergent orbits * large rodent-like incisors * non-opposable hallux * no hindlimb dominance * claws instead of nails * 3.1.3.3 primitive tooth count (early primates 2.1.4.3)

Answer 43

Carpolestidae Paromomyidae (Phenacolemur) Purgatoriidae (Purgatorius)

Answer 44

Plesioadapiforme North America and Asia Specialized Dentition - Enlarged premolars - Lower p4 is largest tooth - Upper P3 and P4 Dentition may have something to do with their diets, harder fruits tend to challenge accessibility

Answer 45

North America and Europe Early Palaeocene to Eocene (very long living group) Enlarged incisors - uppers have multiple cusps - lowers are huge and procumbent some have enlarged p4 Live at fairly northern latitudes - Ellesmere Island - Calgary, and Southern AB NOT OMOMYOIDS

Answer 46

From the Family Paromomyidae Well known post cranial remains Beard suggests gliding adaptations Close relationship to Demopterans? May be too large and robust due to new skeletal finds

Answer 47

IMPORTANT FAMILY Genus is Purgatories Early Palaeocene, North America 5 species Earliest group Potential ancestor to both Plesiadapiformes and Primates supported by some post-canine dentition - 3.1.4.3 in P. janisae - low molar trigonids - broad second lower molars - elongated third molars - specialized incisors which makes unlikely to be ancestral primates * I1, I2, and I3 are different sizes * I1 and I2 likely larger than the canine (a derived plesiadapiform character not found in primates) * Based on analysis of alveoli only

Answer 48

* Lacking primate synapomorphies * Too derived to be ancestral to primates * Have many of their own specialized dental features * Generally recognized as their own order – Plesiadapiformes –within Euarchontaglires

Answer 49

Late Paleocene 3 partial skeletons (Paromomyidae, Micromomyidae, Carpolestidae)

Answer 50

'True Primates' Appear suddenly at the beginning of the Eocene 56MA (warm, humid) Appear simultaneously in North America and Europe (land bridge) Primate SYNAMPORPHIES: PO Bar, Nails, Larger brains, Stereoscopic Vision, less olfaction 50 genera from Eocene alone

Answer 51

Diverse of THE primates - Adapiformes - Omomyiformes Sparse, but growing rapidly - Lorisoids - Tarsiers - Earliest Anthropoids

Answer 52

Adapiformes (Streps) - small eyes (diurnal) - long snout - small incisors, large canines - ring in ear - general arboreal quadrupeds - premolars and molars have shearing crests Omomyiformes (Haps) - large eyes (nocturnal) - short face / snout - elongated tarus (ankle complex that are in modern tarsiers and lorises) - ear tube - large incisors, small canines - small species have sharp pointed molar cusps, Large later species with flat molar teeth

Answer 53

Suborder: Strepsirhini Infraorder Adapiformes Superfamily: Adapoidea (Adapoids or adapiforms 6 families Similar to modern lemurs Larger bodied than other Eocene primates (range of sizes similar to living lemurs; 100g – ~ 7 kg) Reconstructed as largely diurnal Derived adapiforms can sometimes look a bit like anthropoids (convergence, but NOT ANCESTRAL)

Answer 54

1) Notharctidae – mostly Nth America - Frugivorous or folivorous, large (1.5 kg – 7 kg) - Arboreal quadrupeds (including leapers), most like living lemurs 2) Cercomoniidae – mostly Europe – Dietarily diverse – insects through leaves, size diverse (100 g – 4 kg) 3) Caenopithecidae – Nth Am, Asia, Eur, Africa (widespread!) - Highly varied diets (500g – 3.5 kg) 4) Asiadapidae – India, late Eocene - Oligocene – Poorly known – 2 genera (200-600g) 5) Adapidae – mostly Europe (France) – Folivorous, medium to large (500 g – 4 kg), this was the first family name 6) Sivaladapidae – Eocene to MIOCENE in Asia – Folivorous, large (2.5 kg – 4.5 kg) - first in India, now widespread

Answer 55

Unfused mandible (Fused in some later forms) Large unspecialized canines 2.1.4.3 dental formula in primitive forms (Later have 2.1.3.3 or even 2.1.2.3, like Catarrhines) Small lower incisors (No tooth comb) Hypocone is variable – None – True hypocone (OUTGROWTH from lingual cingulum) in CERCOMONIIDAE AND CAENOPITHECIDAE - Pseudohypocone (offshoot from protocone, separated from cingulum)

Answer 56

An outgrowth of the lingulum cingulum

Answer 57

A fake Hypocone / Nonnopithex fold offshoot from the protocone Separated from the cingulum

Answer 58

A ridge of the tooth

Answer 59

- All have post orbital bars - Slightly convergent orbits - Large brains - Petrosal bulla

Answer 60

Post-orbital bar (not closure) Slightly convergent orbits Large brain Petrosal bulla Divergent hallux and pollex Nails Long trunk Long tail Long hindlimbs (Hindlimb dominance)

Answer 61

North American genus Multiple species, 3 – 7 kg Folivorous (Fused mandibular symphysis to allow more chewing power, shearing crests on molars) Sexually dimorphic (clear example of one of the first sexually dimorphic) Overall appearance somewhat Lemur-like Multiple almost complete skeletons Like Lemur or Varecia in limb proportions and architecture (Long hindlimbs and Long thorax) Mostly leaping? Foot morphology suggests vertical clinging and leaping (arboreal quads) Grooming claws in some Robust 1st metatarsal and stronger hallux grooming claws present, unsure of which toe

Answer 62

Earliest (E. Eocene) and most primitive cercamonid 2.1.4.3; No hypocones; Simple trigonids Small body size with high-crowned cusps on premolars and molars suggests Insectivorous? Most primitive adapiform? Some phylogenies place it as a stem to all streps Primitive low molars with a simple trigonid and broad talon basin

Answer 63

Adapoid Earliest are Eocene, but some lineages survive until the late Miocene, persists for 30my, not overwhelming amount Named after hide God Sheena Many genera – Sivaladapis = India, Pakistan, – Indraloris = India, Pakistan – Sinoadapis and others = China Survived global cooling by moving to tropics? Larger than early adapoids Fused mandibles Likely leaves and fruits

Answer 64

Most complete fossil ever found, 1983 found from a private collection Middle Eocene 47 Ma in Messel, Germany Great preservation due to swamp environment

Answer 65

It was everywhere, conferences, books, tv specials Created it to be more than a science event Stated that it was an Anthropoid Peer-Reviewed Journal A ceracomine adapoid (now seen as caenopithecid) Allows new information to show what early Eocene primates were like Conclude that: ALL adapiforms are likely more closely related to haplorhines than strepsirrhines (says not Anthropoid, but it is if it is a hap)

Answer 66

It is juvenile Lots of 'traits' that we see in Haplorrhines are argued to be seen in the fossil, but cannot say that it is like this in adulthood due to it not being an adult or the traits are not actually preserved

Answer 67

Another caenopithecid (Caenopithecidae) Fayum of Egypt, 37 Ma (later Eocene) Relatively large (2.5 – 3 kg) Living with early anthropoid primates (looks primitive) Highly specialized dentition: – Honing p3 and enlarged canines – Loss of P2 and p2 (2.1.2.3) – Folivory features on molars Convergent dental features with later catarrhines – Adapiforms go extinct due to competition? Demonstrates the highly varied nature of adapoid primates. – Complex biogeography – Multiple convergences with anthropoids, likely due to diet

Answer 68

Share: * Petrosal bulla * Postorbital bar * Nails instead of claws * Divergent hallux and pollex * Ectotympanic ring * Similar molars with hypocone * Relatively long snout, many turbinates (well- developed olfaction) Unique Features of Streps - Tooth Combs - Grooming Claws

Answer 69

Superfamily: Omoyoidea Suborder: Haplorhini 2 families (Omomyidae, Microchoeridae) Eocene radiation (Eocene: 54-34 Ma) North America, Europe, and some in Asia Diverse – 2 families, ~ 45 genera Generally small-bodied (<500g) – Smaller than most adapoids Insectivore/frugivores, ‘Tarsier-like’ (or ‘galago-like’) primates NOCTURNAL

Answer 70

The two familys in Omomyiformes Omomyidae: mostly N. America – Subfamily Anaptomorphinae (Nth Am, except Teilhardina and Baataromomys) Nocturnal, frugivorous or insectivorous, small (30 g – 600 g) Examples: Teilhardina (Europe, Nth Am, and Asia) – Subfamily Omomyinae (Early Eocene-Late Oligocene – Nth Am, Asia) Diurnal?, diverse diet, larger (100 g – 2 kg), leaping Microchcoeridae: mostly Europe - Generally smaller, nocturnal, diverse diet, diverse size (40 g – 1.8 kg), leaping

Answer 71

Large procumbent lower central incisors (no tooth comb), gap between the 2 front incisors (lip connected to nose?) Small canines (often “premolarized”) No canine sexual dimorphism True hypocone in many, but not all – Nannopithex-fold in some Lower molars have low trigonids and broad talonid basins V-shaped (Bell) tooth row Primitive forms have 2.1.4.3 Later forms 2.1.3.3 (acquired independently) and some are 2.1.2.3 Some reduce anterior dentition Large molars Unfused mandible Paraconids disappear (shorter front-back trigonid)

Answer 72

Cranial: Postorbital bar, forward orbits, large brain, petrosal bulla Enlarged orbits Central protruding incisors Large brain Short snout with broad palate Mandibular symphysis unfused Postcranial: Limited remains! Nails and opposable hallux Elongated calcaneus (ankle region) Navicular often also elongated Some have fused distal tibia and fibula (or strong fibrous connection) These two things are connected to Modern clinging and leaping primates Generally looks like leaping adaptations More similar to cheirogalids (mouse lemurs) than to Tarsius

Answer 73

Ectotympanic ring fused to auditory bulla (See Fig 2.20) – with small bony tube in some species (external auditory meatus) Blood supply to the brain made up of both the stapedial and promentory arteries (see Fig 2.13 in textbook). Ties to Haps, but may be convergent

Answer 74

Lemuriforms: ring hanging within bulla cavity Lorisiforms: ring attached to inside wall of bulla NWM: ring attached to external wall Tarsiers and catarrhines: attached to external wall and extended into a tube – external auditory meatus

Answer 75

Stapedial blood supply (in ear) is in lemurs Us, Monkeys, and Apes have a protomontory branch of internal carotid - Stapedial artery absent in adults Lorisifomes and cheirogaleids are WEIRD with an External carotid supply with ascending pharengeal artery Eocene Euprimates typically have both a stapedial and promontory artery

Answer 76

Primitive Anaptomorphine (Omomyidae) * Earliest and most primitive * Early Eocene of North American AND Europe and Asia * 2.1.4.3. dental formula * Orbits small: Diurnal? * Some consider probable ancestor of later omomyoids Waste basket taxon: chucks anything into it because they do not know what to do Teilhardina (omomyoid) looks like Donrussellia (early adapoid) But: jaws & snout are receding in omomyoids – trigonids mesiodistally compressed – small relative to talonids – p4 mesiodistally compressed – but buccolingually wider

Answer 77

Mostly Nth Am; Early Eocene common, rare by middle Eocene * Possible that early anaptomorphines are ancestral to both microchoerids and omomyines * Detailed record of speciation in Wyoming * Anterior teeth change in several lineages – note small canines * Some premolars lost, some enlarged * Hard to differentiate incisors, canines, and premolars (especially when some premolars are lost)

Answer 78

* Middle-late Eocene Nth Am (later than anaptomorphines) * Likely descendants of anaptomorphines * More diverse (body size, dental adaptations) * Steinius – 2.1.4.3. – Probably ancestral omomyine * Omomys – 2.1.3.3. – Slight p4 enlargement * Macrotarsius – Nth Am and China – Large plant eater (~2 kg)

Answer 79

Family of omomyoids * Western Europe only * Early Eocene – early Oligocene * Tiny to medium-sized * Traditionally, researchers thought strong links to Tarsius * Could derive from European populations of Teilhardina * Relatively abundant in the fossil record * All have hypocones, unlike Tarsius * Nannopithex has just a Nannopithex fold – Nannopithex is most primitive * V-shaped palate * Very large eyes (not as big as Tarsius) * Long tarsals * Tibia-fibula fused * Tympanic ring within the bulla, but with a bony tube

Answer 80

* Reduced facial and nasal region * Relatively reduced olfactory bulbs – Olfactory bulb lies above interorbital septum * Shape of the talus * Typmanic ring fused to bulla wall in some; within the bulla in others, and microchoerids have a tube * Blood supply - both stapedial and promontory arteries

Answer 81

Share: * Rel. large orbits – BUT not structurally similar – Tapetum lucidum retained? * Tubular ectotympanic in some – BUT combined with an unfused ring – possibly convergent evolution * Elongated tarsals – BUT not long enough * Tendency toward tibiofibular fusion – BUT possibly convergent evolution * Similar dentition – BUT probably not homologous – hypocones on many omomyoids Likely are convergences, unlikely that any known omomyoid is directly ancestral to Tarsius, but may not have been found yet

Answer 82

Adapiformes * Avg. body size: >500g * Mostly diurnal * Dental formula: 2.1.4-3-2.3 * Spatulate incisors * Dimorphic canine * Ring-like tympanic suspended within bulla * Rel. short tarsals * Rel. elongated snout * Rel. large infraorbital foramen * ‘Higher primate’ niches (frugivory, ?folivory) Omomyiformes * Avg. body size: <500g * Mostly nocturnal * Dental formula : 2.1.4-3-2.3 * Pointed incisors * Non-dimorphic canine * Tympanic ring fused to bulla in some; tubular ectotympanic in some * Elongated tarsals * Rel. reduced snout * Small infraorbital foramen * Mostly Galago-like niches (small, mostly insectivorous)

Answer 83

African Origin (They passed Adapidforms) Some in Africa split from all African and Asian crown streps (this is galagoids and African Lorids)

Answer 84

There were multiple dispersal events! Likely started in the Paelocene and Early Mioene Parsomonies believed it to be a single event very early on with lemurs (compatible with data, SPLIT OCCURS ON MADAGASCAR) But there are also huge error rates Also the fossil genus Propotto suggests a second and separate migration for chiromyiformes that must have occurred later on in the fossil record Fossil record if weird on Madagascar, with little preservation of Cenzoic record (lots of assumptions and guessing)

Answer 85

* Leaving adapiforms aside (the most basal strepsirhines) * Have a lineage of North African fossil species that seem to represent early strepsirrhines * Generally poorly known (fieldwork ongoing) Fayum is the most important fieldwork site!

Answer 86

1) Azibiidae 2) Djebelemuridae 3) Chiromyiformes 4) Propotto leakeyi

Answer 87

Early-Middle Eocene of Algeria (52- 46Ma) Two genera: Azibius – weird premolars (Not sure it was even primate) Algeripithecus minutus (Originally described as anthropoid, New material: alveoli show canines might have been procumbent: i.e. an incipient tooth-comb?) Azibids in general: – Talus is strepsirrhine-like * Laterally flared; with sloping fibular facet - Limited material

Answer 88

Example: Djebelemur martinezi Early-Middle Eocene Originally described as a cercamoniine adapiform Then suggested to be anthropoid More detailed analysis says stem strepsirrhine – Stem: because no tooth comb present

Answer 89

Previously called Plesiopithecidae One genus and species: – Plesiopithecus teras Latest Eocene-Early Oligocene (34 Ma) Quarry L-41, Fayum Egypt Very odd primate – Dental formula ?.1.3.3/0.1.4.3 – Large upper and lower canines – No hypocones – Skull with enlarged orbits and only post-orbital bar A possible aye-aye?

Answer 90

Early Miocene of Kenya (20-17 Ma) First described as a lorisoid, Then, as a fruitbat. Now, tied to Plesiopithecus as an aye-aye relative – Enlarged anterior dentition – Similar molar morphology Suggested lineage on the mainland Africa

Answer 91

Split of crown streps from Lemurs and Lorises, then a split again of Lemurs and Chiromyiformes Still early Miocene (split is now EARLIER) Crown Streps has tooth comb, which derived Loris and Lemurs OR non-tooth comb ancestor and they developed them convergently Maybe 40 Ma migration rather than 50-60 Ma? Also suggestion because would not be able to get to Madagascar today from Africa due to ocean currents, maybe it was reversed at time to go quicker Had to go through adaptive radiation to survive (activity, diet, vertical space, body size)

Answer 92

1) Karanisia clarki 2) Saharagalago 3) Wadilemur 4) Miocene Fossil Lorisiforms

Answer 93

Crown Strep Latest Eocene (37 Ma) Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt Lower canine appears to have been modified into a tooth comb Originally described as crown lorisid, but now considered a basal crown strepsirrhine or stem lemuriform

Answer 94

37 Ma (Late Eocene) Fayum Depression, Egypt Lower molars unremarkable Upper molar: * Concave distal crown; Protruding lobe for hypocone * Feature only seen in galagids Late Eocene galago, Not surprising because knew lorisids and galagids must have existed by this time

Answer 95

34 Ma (Eocene-Oligocene Boundary) Fayum, Egypt (L-41 Quarry) Described as cercamoniine adapiform (1997) from first mandible More material shows tooth-comb (protruding p2 and alveoli for canines and incisors) Upper molars galago-like Femur shows distinct leaping adaptations similar to those in living galagids Also interpreted as a galagid

Answer 96

Early Miocene (20 – 17 Ma) Uganda and Kenya, East Africa Several fossil lorisiforms appear suddenly in high-quality fossil record Three genera appear at the same time: – Mioeuoticus – lorisid – Progalago – galago – Komba - galago Similar to modern African forms (size, dentition) – Large orbits and tooth combs present Postcranial adaptations: – for leaping (like galagos) – limited evidence for slow moving like lorises (one humerus) ASIA TOO! Middle and Late Miocene, 7-14 Ma Pakistan Nycticeboides simpsoni Placed in Lorisidae Similar to living genus Nycticebus (Slow Loris) – Including post-cranial anatomy – Adapted for slow vertical climbing in trees

Answer 97

ASIA: Miocene – Thailand – Tarsius thailandica (1 tooth) Eocene – – Afrasia - Myanmar/Burma (isolated teeth) – Xanthorhysis – China (Lower jaw, Eocene – almost identical to modern tarsiids) – Tarsius eocaenus – China (Isolated teeth and New facial fragment AFRICA Afrotarsius chatrathi * Early Oligocene of Fayum, Egypt (Quarry M) * Some favour placing Afrotarsius within anthropoids, or as sister-taxon to anthropoids (more closely related than extant tarsiers) * Tibiofibula almost identical to Tarsius – But it’s the proximal end! Not as diagnostic. * New material from Libya now – Primitive dentition that looks tarsier-like, not anthropoid like * Affinities unclear – may be an early tarsier or anthropoid

Answer 98

Adapoids and Omomyoids in northern continents die out at end of Eocene (mostly!) – Likely due to climate change (global cooling) at end of Paleocene- Eocene Thermal Maximum Majority of primates in Northern latitudes at the end of the Eocene go extinct 35 ma Stem strepsirrhines (e.g., Djebelemur) give rise to crown strepsirrhines – Via Saharagalago, Wadilemur One of the fossil tarsiers (probably unknown) ancestral to tarsier-anthropoid clade

Answer 99

* Euarchontoglires: LAURASIA * “Primates” ( including Plesiadapiformes): LAURASIA * Euprimates: LAURASIA * Strepsirrhines: Basal streps in Laurasiatheria, Crown Streps Africa, Lemuriform Madagascar Haplorhines: LAURASIA * Anthropoids: SUGGESTED ASIA

Answer 100

Living lemurs are part of a radiation “ravaged by extirpation and extinction” since the arrival of humans Radiation today is not representative of the diversity that existed even a few thousand years ago Not really fossil primates, only died very recently

Answer 101

Mostly tropical with, dry and humid forests throughout A Central Plateau LONG HISTORY OF CLIMATE INSTABILITY Lots of biodiversity due to long isolation from other species (endemism) as well as the various forms of environments

Answer 102

tooth combs Grooming claws on 2nd digit long snouts post-orbital bar only (no closure) unfused mandibles reproduction differences (more invasive placenta and uterus shape) * Small group sizes – Many pair bonded species * Low basal metabolic rates (BMR) * Highly seasonal breeders – 1-2 weeks/year * Varied activity patterns * Female dominance – Sexually monomorphic – Priority of access to food – Lead group movements * Adaptations to unpredictable climate – Energy conservation

Answer 103

Lemuridae (diverse, medium size) Indriidae (largest, arboreal and clinging) Lepilemuridae (small, nocturnal) Cheriogaleidae (smallest body size) Daubentoniidae (One species, specialized diet)

Answer 104

* In the last 1000 years, 8 genera and (at least) 17 species disappeared * All lemur fossils are 15,000 and YOUNGER (Holocene) * All are subfossils (found in caves and shelters, contain some organic material, easy to radiocarbon date and get likely age, WELL CALIBRATED

Answer 105

1) Palaeopropithecidae 2) Archaeolemuridae 3) Megaladapidae 4) Lemuridae (Pachylemur) 5) Daubentoniidae *refer to details of them on handout

Answer 106

Similarities * No sexual dimorphism in body size or canines – Behavior similar too? * Mostly arboreal * Small brains * Strepsirrhine synapomorphies – Toothcomb – Grooming claw * Focus on olfaction * Rapid growth and development Differences: * Larger body size (all extinct forms bigger than all living) * Some appear very terrestrial * More diurnal * More folivory and seed eating * Locomotion – Slow climbing – Suspensory locomotion like sloths

Answer 107

Many of these extinct species cohabitated with humans for at least 1500 years – e.g. Paleopropithecus survives until at least 1300 CE Some semi-historical records from earliest Europeans (1500 CE) * Also oral traditions – kidoky perhaps seen as recently as 1952. Some claim there are still giant lemurs

Answer 108

* 2.1.3.3 or 2.1.2.3 dental formula * Vertical incisors (not procumbent like those of streps) * Canines larger and taller than the incisors * Most have canine sexual dimorphism (size) * p3 acts to sharpen/hone the upper canine * p4 is semi-molariform with (partial) trigonid and talonid (metaconid is present) * Hypocones on upper molars (so large that cannot tell if it is a true / pseudo hypocone, so just called Hypcones) * Reduced or absent conules on upper molars * Strong lingual cingulum on upper molars * Expanded talonid basins * Molar trigonids lacking paraconid (only 2 cusps and cusps in talon basin so you cannot see the triangle easily)

Answer 109

Lack of ALL grooming claws Fused frontal and mandible bones Tympanic Ring fused to lateral wall of auditory bulla Larger Brains Reduced olfaction Majority of differences are found in only dental features!

Answer 110

EOSIMIIDAE Anthrasimias gujaratensis: Early Eosimias sinensis: Middle Eosimias centennicus: Middle Phenacopithecus krishtalkai: Middle Bahinia pondaungensis: Middle AMPHIPITHECIDAE Amphipithecus mogaungensis: Late Pondaungia cotteri: Late Siamopithecus eocaenus: Late Most later periods are from Myanmar

Answer 111

55 Ma (Earliest Eocene) – Oldest possible anthropoid material Vastan Coal Mine, India Known only from isolated teeth – Small hypocone (true) – Reduced conules Teeth are highly controversial – Most now treat these as adapiform and reassign this material to Marcgodinotius (Asiadapidae) Postcrania from the site are unassociated, but some resemble eosimiids / any primitive haplorhine – So there seems to be some kind of primitive haplorrhine at the site

Answer 112

Middle Eocene AKA "dawn monkey from China" 40 - 45 million year old deposits in China Very small: 65-130 grams One isolated petrosal that is omomyoid-like (Not tarsier-like!) 2.1.3.3 dental formula More skull material needed to evaluate these traits * 4 species known – Eosimias sinensis – Eosimias centennicus Dental Features: Vertical and planted incisors Large, projecting canines (DISTINCT) Broad premolars with obliquely oriented roots (almost as wide as molars) (more than one cusp, talon basin on p4 and angled roots: getting bigger?) Anthropoid-like mandible – Vertical symphysis – Deep corpus – BUT unfused! Wide talonids, Cranium is unknown Triangular upper molars No Nannopithex-fold No hypocone Para- and metaconules reduced Postprotocrista reaches metacone Complete lingual cingulum Only isolated post-cranial remains Indicates Eosimias was like some platyrrhines in its postcrania Mixture of arboreal quadrupedalism and leaping

Answer 113

Late Middle Eocene, Myanmar (SE Asia) More complete remains Cranium with orbits indicating diurnality More convincing anthropoid: – 2.1.3.3, with P2 reduced – Vertical upper incisors – Enlarged round canines – Strong lingual cingulum – Reduced conules – Small hypocone? But: – Single cusp on p4 (anthropoids have 2) – Unfused mandibular symphysis

Answer 114

ARE ANTHROPOIDS LATE EOCENE in SE Asia (Burma and Thailand) and early Oligocene Much larger than Eosimiidae (500g-10kg) 6 genera, but 3 most important Dental features * First, fragmentary remains only * Deep mandible with vertical symphysis that is almost fused * Strong P4 metaconid (two cusped premolar) (meta = two) * Bunodont (broad, low-crowned circles) molars, wear easily * Clear large hypocones on upper molars THIS CREATES A SQUARED LOOK RATHER THAN TRIANGLE * Large canines Postcrania * All isolated * Not clearly attributed to amphipithecids (or to specific species within amphipithecidae) – But likely are amphipithecid! * Some resemble anthropoids, but others are similar to adapiformes Will only learn if they look 'advanced' if there is more fossils found

Answer 115

Late Paleocene (>56 Ma), Morocco Oldest fossil euprimate known Oldest Euarchontan in Africa Little material – isolated teeth and one small mandible fragment Relationships controversial – Plesiadapid – Haplorhine – Stem euprimate – Earliest stem anthropoid Most consider this some kind of stem euprimate or an early strepsirrhine Dental features seem advanced for its early age (e.g. hypoconulid) So old cannot compare to Adapoids, most leave unassigned (FLOATER)

Answer 116

Fayum Most important Late Eocene - Early Oligocene fossil mammal locality in Africa – First documented in 1877 – Includes the Eocene-Oligocene boundary at 34 Ma – Located in the Sahara seventy miles southwest of Cairo – Deposits uncovered by wind erosion that began in the Pliocene or Pleistocene – 5 decades of research by Elwyn Simons of Duke University MANY SITES, but Quarry BQ-2 (37 Ma) is the most important, can see the main changes occurring throughout time

Answer 117

- Very tropical like (like SE Asian forests) - At Eocene/Oligocene barrier Streps go extinct in North Africa and Anthropids become dominant * Small-medium sized * Fruit and seed eaters, no committed folivores * Arboreal quadrupeds and leapers * Adaptively most similar to platyrrhines, and a radiation of similar diversity to platyrrhines

Answer 118

Plats: Zygomatic-Parietal Contact (Frontal and Spinal bones aren't touching 3 premolars No ear tube Cats: Frontal-Sphenoid bones Contact 2 premolars Ear tube

Answer 119

* Diurnality * Postorbital closure * Advanced visual systems * Enlarged brains * Sexual dimorphism in canines * Promentory branch supplies the brain * Fused frontals and mandibles * That list of dental features - Hypocones: believed they converged separately many times, Maybed Anthropids made once and everyone gets one afterwords (Synamorphy)

Answer 120

Crown: smallest group/clade that includes ALL LIVING MEMBERS of the group (can include extinct taxa) ex. All living fossils of anthropoids descend from LCA of extant plats and cats Stem: set of EXTINCT taxes that are not in the crown, but are more closely related to that crown group than to any other group or clade ex. Ancestral node of tarsiers! More closely related to crown anthropoids than they are to tarsiers BUT outside crown

Answer 121

Stem Anthropoids * Eosimiidae * Amphipithecidae * Parapithecoidea – Parapithecidae – Biretia * Proteopithecidae Crown Anthropoids * Propliopithecidae * Oligopithecidae

Midterm - Lecture Flashcards

(145 cards)