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Vertebrate Zoology > Midterm Lectures (1 - 5) > Flashcards

Midterm Lectures (1 - 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

Megalodon

A
  • Emerged 20 mya, largest shark 18m.
  • Consumed broad range of prey, may have contributed to large size.
  • Extinction: End of Pliocene
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2
Q

Hybodus

A
  • 2m, 2 dorsal fins.
  • Teeth: upper, lower jaws.
  • Numerous rows of replacement teeth, abundance, regularly arranged teeth.
  • 1st appeared late Devonian
  • Extinction: Cretaceous palaeogene boundary
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3
Q

Greenland shark

A
  • Vision And Eyes: Small functioning eyes, almost all blind, parasitic crustaceans on corneas, destroying limited vision in process.
  • Flesh: Placoid scales, toxic high levels of trimethylamine.
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4
Q

Hammerhead Sharks

A
  • Lateral expansion of head
  • Head wing: Cephalofoil, increase maneuverability, energetic cost, increased visuals.
  • Holding breath: close gill slits at certain depths, conserves heat.
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5
Q

Where Are The Chordate Features?

A

1) Pharyngeal slits = gills / jaw
2) Endostyle = thyroid gland
3) Notochord = Vertebral column
4) Postanal tail = caudal tail
5) Nerve Cord = brain and spine

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6
Q

Early Tetrapods: Temnospondyls

A
  • Flat skulls
  • More robust limbs and girdles
  • some fully aquatic adults
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7
Q

Early Tetrapod: Icthyostega

A
  • Notochord extended into braincase
  • Dorsalventral flexion of vertebral column (function unknown)
  • Internal gills
  • Polydactyl feet (7 digits)
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8
Q

Early Tetrapds: Acanthostega

A
  • 4 footed, earliest group, late Devonian period
  • Branchial arches support internal gills
  • Notochord connects to skull
  • Dermal skull bones, Polydactyl feet (8) digits Pentadactyl chiridium (5 toe, each)
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9
Q

Endostyle (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Glandular groove in floor of pharynx
  • Assist in filter feeding and iodine metabolism
  • Thyroid gland
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10
Q

Postanal Tail (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Extension beyond anus
  • Elongates chordate locomotor apparatus
  • Allows for swimming movements
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11
Q

Cranium

A
  • Bone / Cartilage supporting sensory organs in head
  • Skull
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12
Q

Pharyngeal Slits (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Series of pouches / arches
  • Part of digestive tract
  • Water flow one way: suspension feeding
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13
Q

Notochord (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • slender rod
  • tough sheath of fibrous tissue filled with cells and fluid.
  • For locomotion (side to side flexion)
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14
Q

Nerve Cord (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Dorsal hollow nerve tube / cord
  • “Dorsal” to gut
  • “hollow”
  • surrounds neurocoele (fluid filled central canal)
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15
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  • Name comes from: head, notochord.
  • Notochord goes to the rostral tip of body.
  • Striated (striped) muscle cells arranged transversely (across) the body.
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16
Q

Tunicates (Urochordata)

A
  • Show all 5 chordate features at some point in life history.
  • Rudimentary heart and circulating blood cells, bag like.
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17
Q

Vertebrae

A

-series of bones / cartilage blocks joined as a backbone.
- with intervertebral disk / bodies
- compression pads

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18
Q

Centrum

A
  • encloses notochord / spinal cord.
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19
Q

Jawless Fish (Agnathans)

A
  • Muscularized pharynx: stream of water and food into mouth.
  • Before (Amphioxus)
  • Cilia to move mucous.
  • Now pairs of muscular tissue in buccal cavity, not cilia.
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20
Q

Ostracoderms

A
  • Head shield
  • 2 close set eyes
  • median nostril
  • likely inactive lifestyle: stirred up / drawn water into pharynx.
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21
Q

Myxinoidea: Hagfish

A
  • Jawless, but teeth.
  • Keratinized teeth bore into fish, don’t eat skin or bones.
  • Living Agnathan, Prominent notochord (gone in adults), no bone (no vertebrae)
  • Poor developed skull, median nostril, slime attack.
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22
Q

Petromyzontiformes Lampreys

A
  • Skull and vertebrae
  • Jawless w/ teeth
  • No bones or surface scales
  • Vertebral elements that are small and cartilaginous
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23
Q

Lampreys Part 2

A
  • Median Nostril
  • Notochord
  • Suspension feeding and ciliary tracts
  • True endostyle as young larvae
  • Gill openings, some have dorsal fins
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24
Q

Early Chordate

A
  • Notochord goes to rostral tip of body.
  • Striated (striped) muscle cells annoyed transversely (across) body.
  • No heart, lacks pulsations.
  • Heptic vein, ventral aorta, bulbils help pump colourless blood.
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25
Forward Extension Of Gut (Cephalochordata)
- Forerunner of liver and pancreas.
26
Endostyle Collects Iodine (Cephalochordata)
- thyroid gland - (pharyngeal endocrine gland) in later vertebrates collects iodine.
27
Early Vertebrate Evolution
- Suspension feeding - Muscular pump to produce water current 4 food. - Fins - Primitive vertebrae - Some jawless (agnathans) - Primitive cranium / skull - Not fully functioning teeth
28
Jaw Agnathans
- Gills between internal and external branchial arches.
29
Paired Fins
- More active lifestyles require body enhancements.
30
Jaws Gnathostomes
- Jaws from enlarged internal branchial arch.
31
Pectoral Fins
- In the front half of the animal, projecting out of either side.
32
Pelvic Fins
- Ventrally, near reproductive organs.
33
Origin Of Paired Fins: Gill Arch Theory
- Paired fins and girdle (support) comes from gill arches. - Cannot explain pelvic fin emergence.
34
Origin Of Paired Fins: Fin Fold Theory
- Folds in skin - Continuous thickening - Primitive Ostracoderms (extinct Agnathans) show lateral, ventral folds
35
Heterocercal Tail
- Posterior end of vertebral column turns upwards into dorsal lobe. - Common in sharks, providing lift as they swim.
36
Placoderms
- Bony head Shield like Ostracoderms - Jawed, prominent notochord - Paired pectoral and pelvic fins - No evidence of vertebral column - Dominated Devonian and died out = only major vertebrate with no descendants.
37
Transitional Fish: Panderichthys
- Fossil: Panderichthys - Lobe fins, similar structures to Eusthenopteron - Flattened skull roof - eyes move upwards
38
Spotted Salamander
- Nocturnal - Forests near rivers / streams - Eat slugs, worms, millipedes, spiders
39
Poison Dart Frog
- Non toxic in captivity - Toxic qualities come from certain chemicals in food they eat. Formicine ants - other vertebrates
40
Giant Salamander
- Largest extent amphibian species - Central and southern china - entirely aquatic - streams and rivers - Breed in caves (males guard eggs)
41
Axolotl
- Urodela (Salamanders, newts) - One of the few tetrapods capable of regenerating complete limbs.
42
Modern Amphibians
- Arose within Labyrinththodont radiation from Temnospondyls - 200 MYA: jurassic period, 4000 + species - Eggs laid in water / moist areas - Eggs lack shells
43
Modern Amphibians Frogs
- Salientia - Anura: frogs - Triassic Period (mesozoic) appeared - Anurans - no trail (adult frog) - long hind legs, long tails
44
Modern Amphibians Salamanders
- Urodela Caudata: Salamanders - 1st appeared jurassic period - Aquatic forms: suction using jaw to gulp food - Terrestrial forms: long tongue
45
Acanthodii (Extinct Bony Fish)
- Rows of spines - streamlined, small (20 cm), could reach 2m - Covered in scales, (ganoid), Dermal bone exterior, extinct Permian area, Devonian Period - Large eyes, partially ossified internal skeleton
46
Osteichthyes (Bony - Fish)
- Largest class of vertebrates, 28,000 + species - Bones and cartilage - Swim bladder: single organ, used to control buoyancy in water - Terminal mouth, for prey / feeding mechanisms
47
Actinopterygii (Ray Finned Fish)
- Distinctive fins, slender bony rod - Fins supported by ossified lepidotrichia which is muscle within body wall, controls fin movement.
48
Sturgeons (Palaeonisciformes)
- Largest freshwater fish (8 m) - Filter feeders, no teeth. - Prominent notochord, almost completely cartilaginous, lack ganoid scales - Enlarged scales in rows alongside body.
49
Palaeonisciformes
- 50 cm, earliest bony fish, Ganoid scales - Notochord: Prominent support, ossified neural arch, continues into extended tail heterocercal
50
Neopterygii
- Early mesozoic - Increasingly ossified vertebrae replace notochord, homocercal tail swim bladder helps with lift. - Round / thinner scales = more active swimming
51
Sarcopterygians (lobed - finned fish)
- Early forms: Heterocercal tail becomes symmetrical, Diphycercal. - Paired fins w/ internal bony elements, 2 dorsal fins, living forms have rudimentary vertebral column, primitive forms had cosmic scales.
52
Chimeras (Rat fish)
- Absent scales - Upper jaw firmly fused to braincase - Gill openings not exposed - Operculum: exterior cover of gills - Pelvic clasper + cephalic clasper
53
Modern Amphibians Caecilians
- Gymnophiona - Apoda: Caecilians - worm like - no trace of limbs or girdles - "Apodans" no feet - reduced eyes
54
Modern Amphibians Air Breathing
- Respiration through skin: cutaneous respiration - lungs lost
55
Transitional Fish: Eusthenopteron
- Non tetrapod fish, late Devonian period - Lobefins, pectoral and pelvic appendages - Have bones above wrist / ankle - Rayfins connect to wrists / ankles - Girdles and limbs more completely ossified = stronger
56
Transitional Fish: Jackpot
- Large freshwater fish - Link between land and fish vertebrates - late devoniano period
57
Tiktaalik
- Covered in bony scales - flattened skull (eyes on top) - lost bony gill cover, large ribs - Dorsally positioned spiracle - Pectoral fins
58
Early Tetrapods
- Tetrapod = "4 footed", includes loss of limbs (snakes), connection to H20. - Late Paleozoic era, Pangea formed. - Bony scales, some large (5m) - Aquatic and terrestrial
59
Chondrichthyes Notochord
- Primitive forms: Notochord provides axial support - Advanced forms: Notochord only constricted element enclosed in vertebral centra.
60
Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays, Skates)
- Sharks: gill slits (5 - 7), external, serrated pointed teeth. Young sharks replace teeth weekly. - Advanced sensory system, detect electrical impulses. - Rays And Skates: flat, disk shaped, elongated pectoral fins, reduced tail, spine in tail, electric
61
Teleostomes
- Large group - Acanthodians - Bony fish there tetrapod derivatives
62
Polyphyletic
- Origins in several different lines of descent.
63
Angler Fish (200 + species)
- Deep sea fish - Females have distinctive features - Dorsal spine, Bioluminescent rod that lures prey.
64
Flying Fish
- Propel themselves out of water - Extra wide pectoral fins (plane wings or kite) allows them to glide - Nearly 200 m distances
65
Sunfish
- Largest bony fish, heaviest recorded - Not real tail, expansion of dorsal and anal fin. - Often hangs sideways by surface, providing birds food (parasites).
66
Dipnoi (Lung Fish)
- Early fossil recorded - Devonian Period, Paleozoic era emergence w / sharks. - Skeletons mostly cartilage, prominent notochord - Secrete mucus, breathe through lungs, at low oxygen levels.
67
Coelacanths (Actinistia)
- Appeared: Middle Devonian, extinct Mesozoic era. - Living fossils found in Tanzania, Indonesia. - Prominent notochord, tiny vertebral elements./ - Swim bladder filled w/ fat, helps w/ buoyancy.
68
Rhipidistians
- Class: Osteichthyes - Sub class: Saracopterygii - Give rise to tetrapods in Devonian period - Support: Notochord - Ossified Neural and hemal arches - Concentric centra: fusing of bone around notochord, strong support

Vertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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