Midterm Lessoon 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Introduce the principles for surgery and post traumatic injury
A
Joseph lister
2
Q
What did Joseph lister used as a wash for hands, as a spray on an incision site, and on bandages applied to wounds
A
phenol
3
Q
Magic bullets
A
Paul erlich
4
Q
Compound 606
A
Salvarsan for syphilis
5
Q
Amebic dysentery
A
ipecac - Paul erlich
6
Q
For malaria
A
Cinchona
7
Q
Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
A
Antisepsis - antiseptic
8
Q
Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
A
Decontamination
9
Q
Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microes or viruses, but not spores, in or on **inanimate surfaces
A
disinfection
10
Q
Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surfaces to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
A
sanitization
11
Q
A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival
A
Sterilization
12
Q
A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65C - 100 C
A
pasteurization
13
Q
alcohol other names (3)
A
Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, wine spirit
14
Q
Clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a burning taste and a characteristics pleasant odor. Flammable, miscible with water in all proportions
A
alcohol
15
Q
types of alcohol
A
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
16
Q
What is the enzyme used in breaking down ethanol
A
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
17
Q
MEOS
A
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
18
Q
Ethanol breaks down into
A
acetaldehyde
19
Q
Acetaldehyde breaks down into
A
Acetyl coa
20
Q
What enzyme breaks down acetaldehyde
A
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
22
Q
Chain length increase = van DER Waals interaction increase =
A
Ability to penetrate microbial membranes
23
Q
Water solubility increase =
A
Apparent antimicrobial potency diminishes with molecular weight
24
Q
Antibacterial potencies of the primary alcohol increases with molecular weight until
A
The 8 -caarbon atom (octanol)
25
Q
Dehydrated alcohol, or absolute alcohol containes
A
Not less than 99% w/w of ethanol
26
Prepared commercially by azeotropic distillation of an **ethanol-bezene mixture**
Dehydrated ethanol
27
Continuous boiling
Azeotropic distillation
28
It contains 95% ethanol by volume
ethanol
29
Ethanol can be prepared synthetically by the
Sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
30
This alcohol is rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50% to 95%
Isopropyl alcohol
31
Uses of isopropyl alcohol in pharmaceuticals and toiletries
Solvent and preservative
32
Used on gauze pads for sterilization of the skin prior to hypodermic injections
Azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, USP
33
Aka isopropanol (2-propanol)
Isopropyl ethanol
34
Considered a substitute for ethanol but must not be ingested
Isopropyl ethanol
35
Preparation of isopropyl ethanol
Commercially by the Sulfuric-acid- catalyzed hydration of propylene
36
Primary use of isopropyl ethanol
Disinfectant for the skin and for surgical instruments
37
A 40% concentration os isopropanol is considered equal in antiseptic efficacy to a ___ ethanol I water solution
60%
38
2 aldehydes
Formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
39
Cidex, a 5-carbon dialdehyde
glutaraldehyde
40
Where is commercial glutaraldehyde stabilized
In alkaline solution
41
Is used as a dilute solution for sterilization of equipment and instruments that **cannot be autoclaved**
glutaraldehyde
42
What pH glutaraldehyde rapidly polymerizes
8.5
42
Remains the standard to which the activity of most germicidal substances is compared
Phenol, USP
43
Measurement os the effectivity of disinfectant compared to phenol
Phenol coefficient
44
Carbolic caid
phenol
45
Colorless to pale-pink crystalline material
phenol
46
What is the characteristic odor of phenol
Medicinal odor
47
Phenol is soluble to the extent of 1 parts to __ parts water
15
48
salol
Phenyl salicylate
49
- Exhibits germicidal activity
- Caustic to skin
- exerts local anesthetic effects
- must be diluted to avoid tissue destruction and dermatitis
Phenol
50
Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups increases ___
Bactericidal activity
51
____ alkyl groups enhance bactericidal activity more than branched groups
Straight- chain
52
Still used occasionally as an **antipruritic** in phenolated calamine lotion
phenol
53
Other names of phenol
-Liquified phenol
- 1 - hydroxybenzene
- benzenol
- carbolic acid
54
____ solution of phenol in glycerin has been used to cauterize small wounds
4%
55
A biphenol, possess greater potency than a monophenol
hexachlorophene
56
Increased degree of chlorination of hexachlorophene =
Increases its antiseptic potency further
57
A mixture of three isomeric methylphenols
cresol
58
Where is cresol obtained
Coal tar or petroleum by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, acidification, and fractional distillation
59
Eugenol name
4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol
60
Where is eugenol obtained
From clove oil
61
Physical Characteristics of eugenol (3)
color, odor, taste
Pale-yellow liquid
Strong aroma of cloves
Pungent taste
62
Uses of eugenol
Toothaches
Mouthwashes (antiseptic)
63
Phenol coefficient of eugenol
14.4
64
Name of thymol
Isopropyl m-cresol
65
Where is thymus extracted
Oil of thymus vulgaris
66
How is thymus extracted
By partitioning into alkaline aqueous medium followed by acidification
67
Uses of thymol
Use in alcohol solutions
In dusting powders for the treatment of tinea infections
68
Has mild fungicidal properties
thymol
69
Compound is formulated with 30% water to make it safer to handle
Benzoyl peroxide
70
Phenols and their derivatives (5)
Phenols
Hexachlorophene
Cresol
Thymol
eugenol
71
Consists of two benzoyl groups bridged by a peroxide link
Benzoyl peroxide
72
Halogen containing compounds
Povidone iodine
73
The preparation provides a nontoxic, nonvolatile and containing form of iodine that is not irritating to the skin or wounds
Povidone iodine
74
Used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site
Povidone iodine
75
Used in disinfection of water supplies
Coloring containing compounds or chlorine?
76
These compounds release hypochlorous acid when dissolved in water, especially in the presence of acid
Chlorine containing compounds
77
Most effective of a series of antibacterial biguanides originally developed in great Britain
Chlorhexidine gluconate
78
Uses of chlorhexidine gluconate
Preoperative skin disinfection, wound irrigation, mouthwashes, and general sanitization
79
has weak antiseptic properties that make it useful for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis
Methylene blue
80
What compound color the urine and stool blue green
Methylene blue
81
What is the action of methylene blue
Bacteriostatic - stop growth of bacteria
82
Where is ellementalmercury incorporated
Ointment bases
83
What bridges the two benzoyl groups in benzoyl peroxide
Peroxide link
84
Mercury used topically for
Treatment of localized infections and syphilis
85
Inorganic salts of mercury
Mercuric chloride HgCl2
Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
86
Use of inorganic salts of ercury
Antiseptics
87
2 general classes of Organo mercurials
Compounds with at least one carbon-mercury bond that does not ionize readily
Compounds with mercury bonded to heterotoms that ionize partially or completely
88
organomercurials
Nitromersol
Thimerosal
89
metaphen
nitromersol
90
merthiolate
thimerosal
91
Occurs as yellow powder that is practically water and sparingly soluble on alcohol and most organic solvents
nitromersol
92
Characteristics of nitromersol
Nonirritating to mucous membrane
nonstaining
93
Cream colored
Thimerosal
94
Characteristics of thimerosal
Water soluble powder
Nonstaining
Nonirritating to tissues
Bacteriostatic antiseptic
Applied topically in ointments
95
2 that Used Preservatives
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
96
Used as a safeguard against mold growth
Methyl paraben
97
Used as a preservative, primarily to retard yeast growth
Propyl paraben
98
Other preservatives used
Chlorobutanol
benzyl alcohol
99
A bacteriostatic gent in pharmaceuticals for injection, opthalmic use, and intranasal administration
chlorobutanol
100
Occurs naturally as the unesterified form in oil of jasmine and in esters of acetic, cinnamic and benzoic acids
Benzl alcohol
101
Benzyl alcohol occurs naturally in benzoic acids in ___(5)
Gum benzoin
Storax resin
Peru balsam
Tolu balsam
Some volatile oils
102
Used as a preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1% to 4% in water or saline solutions
Benzyl alcohol
103
This is also used in ointments and lotions as an anti septic in the treatment of various pruritic skin conditions
Benzyl alcohol
104
Anti fungals (6)
Zinc propionate
Undecylenic acid
Triacetin
Salicylic acid
Resorcinol
Benzoic acid
105
This salt form is unstable to moisture forming **zinc hydroxide and propionic acid**
Zinc propionate
106
Used as a fungicide, particularly on adhesive tape
Zinc propionate
107
10-undecenoic acid
Undecylenic acid
108
Fatty acid that resembles sebum
Undecylenic acid
109
Traditionally used for athletes foot
Undecylenic acid
110
Other names for undecylenic acid
10-undecenoic acid
( Desenex, crusex)
111
Other names for triacetin
Glyceryl triacetate
(Enzactin, fungacetin)
112
Activity of triaceting is a result of
Acetic acid released by hydrolysis of the compound
113
Has both antiseptic and keratolytic properties and used externally
Salicylic acid
114
White needle-like crystals
Salicylic acid
115
Has a Slight sweet taste
Salicylic acid
116
M-hydroxyphenol
resorcinol
117
Also possesses antiseptic and keratolytic acitivity
resorcinol
118
Possess antifungal effects but cannot penetrate the outer layer of the skin in infected areas
Benzoic acid
119
What is admixed with benzoic acid when used as antifungal agent
Keratolytic agent
120
Whitfields ointment, USP contents
Benzoic acid , 6%, and salicylic acid, 6%, in a petrolatum base
