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Bio 107 (Cellular Biology) > Midterm One Notes > Flashcards

Midterm One Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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2
Q

What are the three classifications of cells?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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3
Q

What is a specification of prokaryotes?

A

They must be unicellular or single-celled

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4
Q

What four domains are under the classification “Eukarya”.

A

Protists, plants, animals, and fungi

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5
Q

Can eukaryotes be unicellular?

A

Yes! They can be unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

What are some similarities between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Both have DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and cell membranes.

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7
Q

What are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are usually larger, prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

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8
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large molecule

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9
Q

Are carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids polymers?

A

Carbs, NA, and proteins are.

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10
Q

What kind of bond holds monomers together?

A

Covalent

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11
Q

Explain dehydration synthesis.

A

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of polymers because In this reaction, monomers lose water form H2O as a by-product. This process requires energy and enzymes because bonds must be broken.

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12
Q

Explain hydrolysis.

A

The reaction uses water to break monomers apart, this release energy and adds water to the polymer.

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13
Q

What is a carb and what does it do?

A

Carbs are sugars and sugar polymers. They serve to provide energy and structure to our cells.

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14
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that has one hydroxyl per carbon. These form rings in solution and can be classified into alpha and beta. They are held together through glycosidic linkages which are the products of dehydration synthesis.

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15
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

A particle is considered alpha when the hydroxide is bonded on the bottom hemisphere of the molecule.

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16
Q

What is a beta molecule?

A

A molecule is considered beta when the hydroxide is bonded in the top hemisphere of the molecule.

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17
Q

What is a property of beta molecules?

A

They form a straight chain.

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18
Q

What is a property of alpha molecules?

A

They form a straight chain.

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19
Q

What is a polysaccharide and what are its functions?

A

A polysaccharide is multiple monosaccharides linked together, they serve as energy storage and structural support.

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20
Q

Name the three storage polysaccharides.

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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21
Q

What is a starch.

A

A starch is a storage polysaccharide that is only found in plant cells and has a helical structure caused by alpha 1-4 bonds.

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22
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animal liver, muscle cells, and bacteria. Just like starches, they have helical alpha 1-4 bonds.

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23
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a storage polysaccharide that is only found in plant cells. This is a polymer of glucose that has beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Because it is beta, it is a straight chain and it is also unbranched.

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24
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and sterols.

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25
Q

Why are lipids significant?

A

The tails of lipids are hydrophobic which makes the molecule itself partly hydrophobic. They have non-polar bonds and a low water solubility. Lipids are not polymers but are still macromolecules.

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26
Q

What is the function of a fat? And what do they look like on a molecular level?

A

Fats provide energy, protection, and insulation. Fats are made of glycerol which is 3 carbons, 3 hydroxyls, and 3 fatty acid chains which are attached by ester linkages.

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27
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

A phospholipid has 2 chains of fatty acids, as opposed to glycerol which has 3 chains.

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28
Q

What are sterols?

A

Sterols are signalling molecules in the cell membrane that which are non polar. They have four carbon rings which are fused together.

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29
Q

What is an example of a sterol?

A

Cholesterol is a sterol that is only present in animal cells. This is synthesized in the liver and consumed in animal fats. High levels of cholesterol may clog the arteries.

30
Q

What causes variation in fats?

A

The length of the chain, bond variation, and the place where the double bond occurs can change the fat entirely.

31
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids like meat fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fatty acids like oil are not. This is because the lipids in unsaturated fats are bent, causing them not to be tightly packed, holding the molecules together.

32
Q

What is a trans fat?

A

In a trans fat, the chains are bonded on opposite hemispheres of the molecule, one might be bonded on the top right while the other is bonded on the bottom left.

33
Q

Are trans fats natural?

A

Trans fats are not natural and form a straight chain, while cis fats are natural but form a curved or bent chain.

34
Q

What is this functional group and what are its properties?

What is this functional group?
A

Hydroxyl. This is a polar group.

35
Q

What is this functional group and what are its properties?

A

This is a methyl group and it is non-polar.

36
Q

What is this functional group?

A

This is a carbonyl group and it is polar.

37
Q

What is this functional group?

A

This is a carbonyl group and it is charged. This group can release H+ in solution so it can make a solution acidic.

38
Q

What is this functional group?

A

This is an amino group, it is charged and accepts hydrogen in solution so it makes a solution basic.

39
Q

What is this functional group?

A

This is a phosphate group, it is charged and releases H+ in solution to make the solution acidic.

40
Q

What are two functional groups that a sugar must have?

A

Sugar must have a carbonyl and a carbonyl group.

41
Q

Monosaccharides make which shape in solution?

A

They make rings.

42
Q

What are some differences between glucose and fructose?

A

Fructose is sweet and glucose is not. Glucose is soluble and fructose is not very. Fructose is a liquid at room temperature and is used in candys with a liquid centre. Ex (caramilk bar)

43
Q

When a bond is broken, is energy used or released?

A

Energy is released.

44
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A bond that is held together by dehydration synthesis.

45
Q

What is invertase?

A

Invertase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose.

46
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

A biochemical molecule which consists of multiple branched chains.

47
Q

What is amylose?

A

A polymer which is unbranched.

48
Q

What is chitin?

A

A polysaccharide which is a derivative of glucose. This acts as defence against pathogens.

49
Q

What does glycemic index refer to?

A

It refers to the measurement of blood sugar.

50
Q

Why can’t humans break down cellulose?

A

We do not have the enzymes in our gut to break down beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Some animals have bacteria in their gut that produces the enzymes needed, and they break it down for the animal.

51
Q

Nucleic acids are 5-carbon sugars linked by _______ bonds with an organic base protruding from each sugar.

A

Phosphodiester

52
Q

With respect to galactose, glucose is what?

A

A stereoisomer

53
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

Isomers that only differ in their spatial arrangement of atoms.

54
Q

Which of the following is not a lipid?
- Chitin
- Terpenes
- Steroids
- Prostaglandins
- Unsaturated fat

A

Chitin

55
Q

Animals store glycogen in the form of what?

A

Glycogen

56
Q

What type of bond joins two amino acid subunits in a macromolecule?

A

Peptide bonds

57
Q

The globular shape of a protein occurs in which structure?

A

The tertiary structure

58
Q

In a DNA molecule, what holds together nitrogenous based from the two polymer chains?

A

Hydrogen bonds

59
Q

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

A

The bond between two subunits of a macromolecule is broken

60
Q

Which of the following is not a disaccharide?
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Amylose

A

Amylose

61
Q

In proteins, elements of secondary structure combine to form a _____

A

Motif

62
Q

A hydrocarbon is said to be saturated if:

A

Each internal carbon atom is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms

63
Q

At what level of protein structure would you expect to find disulphide bridges?

A

Secondary and tertiary

64
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance that an enzyme acts on

65
Q

An enzyme that can hydrolize alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages can break apart which molecules?

A

Glycogen and amylopectin

66
Q

Why are lipids different from other macromolecules?

A

They are not true polymers

67
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Two molecules with identical formulas but different shapes

68
Q

If a salamander relied on hydrogen bonds to cling to surfaces, what type of surface would cause the most problems?

A

A surface made of solid hydrocarbons

69
Q

What is the difference between nucleotides found in DNA vs nucleotides found in RNA?

A

In DNA, the central sugar has hydroxide groups on the 2’ and 3’ carbons

70
Q

Which type of bond(s) maintain the primary structure of a protein?

A

Peptide bonds

71
Q

Which type of bond(s) maintain the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids

72
Q

What type of bond(s) maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

Bio 107 (Cellular Biology) (1 decks)

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