Midterm Prep Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are biological characteristics that help make a
pest successful?
quick reproduction
* high reproductive rate (offspring, seeds)
* ability to develop resistance to pesticides, rapid spread
(flying, spores, seed)
* ability to survive in diverse conditions
* dormant state that allows them to survive periods of stress
What is a Pest?
A pest is any species that
interferes with human activities,
property, or health or is
objectionable
* Definition is subjective and
relative
What does “damage” refer to [in this IPM context]
Damage is a measureable
loss of host utility, most often
including yield quantity,
quality, or aesthetic appeal
What is the difference between direct and indirect damage fruit?
Direct damage affects yield
(flower or fruit)
Indirect damage affects non-
yielding portion of plant
(leaves, vine, roots)
Name some different IPM management philosophies
- Conventional
- Ecological or sustainable
- Organic
- Biodynamic
What is IPM?
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through
a combination of techniques
The goal of IPM is pest management; NOT pest
eradication.
IPM is a risk reduction system -balance cost and benefit of potential control practices
IPM programs should do the following 6 things:
- Target the specific pest
- Comprehensive
- Be compatible with ecological principals
- Accept low levels of pests with tolerable levels of
economic loss - Maintain environmental quality
- Minimize risk to human health
Why wouldn’t a successful IPM strategy include only a single control strategy?
-management relies on MULTIPLE control strategies: control, mechanical/physical, biological and chemical
-multiple strategies = more consistent control, reliance on only 1= undesirable effects
What factors would enable different pest activity from vineyard A vs. vineyard B?
-Proximity to bush areas or abandoned
vineyards
* Proximity to other crops
* Inherent cultivar susceptibilities
* Historical presence of certain diseases and
insects
* Soil characteristics
What are the four components of IPM?
Scout & Monitor
Pest Identification
Timing
Control
IPM is a continuous feed-back system.
Scout and Monitor:
-Direct estimates
-IPM is driven by information
* IPM requires routine vineyard scouting & monitoring
* Increase frequency (1X or 2X per week) during
period of high pest pressure
* Crop, pest and environmental information is used to
anticipate pest problems and to plan preventative
management practices
Monitor different cultivars separately
* Different cultivars are susceptible to different
pests
What pests are easy to see?
Caterpillars
* Leafhoppers
* Mites
* Japanese beetles
* Field-bind weed
* Birds
* Phylloxera
What pests are concealed and/or difficult to see?
Grape cane girdler
* Grape cane gallmaker
* Mealybugs under bark
* Fungi before fruiting
What pests are NOT visible?
-Virus
-Phytoplasma
[Instead, we observe symptoms associated with the pest or conduct a lab test]
What are traps (IMP context)?
-insects [must be ,mobile and unable to escape] can be quickly estimated using traps
-traps attract using pheromones, colour, and shape
-traps are easy to check, quick
What is the difference between indirect vs. direct estimates?
Indirect estimates counts= don’t relate to a definite measure (percent of damage)
Direct estimates counts= references density in terms of pre-defined unit (per vine, per leaf)
During scouting, a standard comparison helps to avoid _____?
avoid overestimating damage
What are you monitoring during the IPM phase? What does younger vs. older refer to?
-vine growth stages, weather [temp, humidity, rainfall, wind, cloud cover], climate, spray records
-referring to the plant responding to injury;
YOUNGER = more susceptible [very during flower development and fruit setting]
OLDER = better able to tolerate injury
Grape Berry Moth (GBM)
Genus - Paralobesia
Species - Viteana
Pest Identification:
-Collect or take pictures of specimen
-Record physical appearance
-describe location (where it was found)
-describe damage and life stage
-context [neighbouring vines also suffering, identify a pattern, damage recent?]
When there is physical injury, what could have caused it?
-equipment [mechanical leaf removal]
-hand thinning
-bird damage
-insect damage
-hail
Timing: IPM Stage 3 (*)
Name some physical/mechanical control?
-netting
-noisemakers
-cultivation of weeds
What machine can remove contamination from grapes during harvest?
Opti-grape
