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HumBioi 4B > Midterm Prep > Flashcards

Midterm Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

Why might individual action alone be insufficient for solving environmental and health problems?

A

Can help, but relying on individual actions is often insufficient to deal with larger and complex problems

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2
Q

Why isn’t scientific evidence enough to promote policy action?

A

1 not be a policy solution
2 not politically feasible
3 private cost > perceived benefit

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3
Q

What is political mobilization bias?

A

political agenda by influential and impacted groups in an effort to make it appear that community power is at play when in fact it was generated by a few.

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4
Q

Name 2 examples of political motivation bias that prevents or promotes policy implementation

A

NRA stopping any anti-gun legislation

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5
Q

What is equity?

A

fair, just and equal distribution

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6
Q

What’s the difference between command and control / direct regulation and incentive/market-based regulation?

A

Command

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7
Q

VSL

A

value of statistical life

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8
Q

VSLY

A

value of statistical life year

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9
Q

Name 2 examples of command and control

A

banning drugs

banning thalidomide

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10
Q

Name 2 examples of incentive/market based regulation

A

cap and trade (hybrid)

plastic bag ban (hybrid)

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11
Q

How does cap and trade combine both command and control and incentive/market based?

A

cap imposes a hard limit, while trading allows the players to be incentivized to reduce, and generate new reduction technologies

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12
Q

example of revealed preference?

A

how much do people pay to avoid heart disease?

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13
Q

When is each tool appropriate?

A

TBD

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14
Q

What is the goal of cost-effectiveness/ productive efficiency analysis?

A

finding the most efficient way to reach a target

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15
Q

What is allocative efficiency?

A

refers to “net benefits” - benefits - costs. Incorporates both cost and benefit. Efficiency maximizing

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16
Q

When would you use cost-effectiveness / prod efficiency analysis?

A

if you have a target that you’re trying to achieve. ie- reduce pollution levels to 20% of current. Great tool for comparing two+ policies or levers to achieve a target. Often used when benefits are difficult to measure

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17
Q

When would you use allocative efficiency?

A

when you’re trying to maximize efficiency.

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18
Q

What is inflation?

A

increasing in prices and devaluation of money

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19
Q

What is a consumer price index, and how can it be used to account for inflation?

A

index of the variation of prices paid by consumers. Measure of inflation - cost/price of basic goods over time

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20
Q

How can discounting be used to account for costs and benefits distributed across future years?

A

TBD

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21
Q

revealed preference

A

analyzing choices made based on choices - revealed by actual purchase habits

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22
Q

What is the formula used to calculate the present value of discounted costs and and benefits?

A

Present value = Sum of All (future amount/(1+real rate)^time)

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23
Q

what is an externality?

A

is a social cost that is not taken into account by buyers or sellers in a market transaction

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24
Q

another name for “productive efficiency”

A

cost-efficiency

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25
QALY
quality adjusted life year
26
another name for "productive efficiency"
cost-efficiency
27
Adjusted figure
past dollars in today dollars
28
Adjusted figure equation
(current index / past index) * past expenditure
29
real interest rate calculation
interest rate - inflation rate
30
Present Value calc
Sum (future amount/(1+rate)^time)
31
Present Value calc
Sum (future amount/(1+rate)^time)
32
What was the goal of AB 32?
reduce GHG to 1990 levels by 2020 (25% reduction)
33
How did AB 32 do this?
mix of conventional regulation (command/control) and cap and trade. Cap in Trade adopted 2012 Tailpipe emissions standards (command/control)
34
MB = ?
marginal benefit = Demand
35
MC = ?
marginal cost = Supply
36
TC
total cost
37
TB
total benefit
38
marginal cost
additional cost of producing one more unit
39
marginal benefit
additional benefit derived from consuming one more unit
40
demand
price consumers are willing to pay for a given qty ; OR qty that consumers are willing to buy for a given price. Marginal benefit = demand = willingness to pay
41
supply
price that producers are willing to sell at for a givejn qty of product ; OR qty that producers are willing to sell for a given price . Marginal cost=supply - willingness to produce
42
consumer surplus
diff between marginal benefit and market price
43
producer surplus
difference between the marginal cost of producing an item and market price
44
positive externality
social benefits>private benefits
45
negative externality
social costs>private costs
46
2 ways to address an externality
``` direct controls(command and control) incentive based regulations (taxes, subsidies) ```
47
VSL formula
Value of change / change in probability of death
48
limitations of VSL
doesn't account for age doesn't account for equity or SES not very generalizable does not account for quality of life
49
VSLY defininition
calc of monetary value of each year of life extension
50
critiques of VSLY
same as VSL | VSLY's may be higher or lower for younger/older, depending on who you talk to. It's subjective.
51
best QALY(health/alive)
1
52
worst QALY (death)
0
53
Factors that influence political feasibility
``` complexity scope timing public interest special interest groups political mobilization bias ```
54
China + US + India = ___ % of GHG Emissions
50
55
largest cumulative emissions percentage and country
37% - US
56
US is in the top ____ of per capita emissions
10%
57
US is in the top ____ of per capita emissions
10%
58
S. Res. 98 states what?
The US should not sign Kyoto unless developing countries are held to the same standard
59
Kyoto provisions expired in _____
2012
60
Kyoto made industrialized nations reduce to _____ levels by _______ and accept targets for 2008-2012
1990 , 2000
61
The US target under Kyoto would be ___from 1990 levels
-7%
62
What were the penalties for not meeting Kyoto stipulations?
nothing!
63
Under Kyoto, nations with binding emissions reduced by ____
16%
64
Since Kyoto, China's emissions are ____ higher
3X
65
Total global emissions have _____ since Kyoto
increased
66
Agreement after Kyoto
Warsaw, Lima, Paris
67
Were Warsaw and Lima signed?
no
68
was Paris signed?
yes
69
___ countries have signed the Paris Accord
194
70
Paris Accord long term goal
2 C reduction
71
___ and ____ are the two largest contributors to climate change
CO2 and Methane
72
CO2 accounted for ____ % of GHG emissions in 2014
81
73
livestock represent 44% of methane emissions, which translates to ____% of GHG emissions
5%
74
AB32 was signed into law in _____
2006
75
WCI stands for
Western Climate Initiative
76
the WCI started with ____ US and ___ Canadian partners
7, 4
77
the WCI now has ___ partner
1
78
TSCA Act
toxic substances control act (1976)
79
Superfund launched in
1980
80
average cost per cancer case avoided (Superfund)
15.5 billion
81
median cost per cancer avoided (superfund)
55 million
82
Obama Clean Power Plan targets
reduce emissions of coal power plants by 32% relative to 2005 levels
83
Paris agreement target
2% temp increase limit, eventually 1.5%
84
lifetime fossil fuel subsidies
$630 billion
85
lifetime renewable subsidies
$50 billion
86
2/3 of energy subsidies through 2007 went to _____
non-renewables
87
SB270
plastic bag ban
88
can plastic bags be recycled?
yes!
89
6 characteristics of well functioning markets
``` complete information free entry and exit no market power truth in advertising contract law property rights ```
90
overfishing is a result of ____ of the ______
tragedy of the commons
91
the US fish stock sustainability index has ____ over the past several years
increased
92
equation to determine time of population to double
72/growth rate
93
fertility rate
number of live births to women through age 50
94
Age specific fertility rate
live births per 1000 women in age range
95
birth rate
number of live births per 1000 persons
96
a "high" fertility rate is more than ____
3.2
97
a "low" fertility rate is less than _____
2.0
98
the replacement fertility rate is ____
2.1
99
the replacement fertility rate is ____
2.1
100
the current annual growth rate is ___, which is ___ than it was in the 60's
1%, less

HumBioi 4B (5 decks)

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